Contrasting Concepts: Social Skills
Versus Socioemotional Maturity
Consider the case of
reactive attachment disorder
(RAD; e.g., Zeanah,
1996; Zeanah & Smyke, 2008; Zilberstein, 2006).
11
RAD is a condition
Chapter 5
Social and Emotional Development
81
associated with the extremes of early neglect sometimes experienced
in (especially Third World) orphanages and foster care. RAD presents
as a constellation of associated linguistic, cognitive, and behavioral
difficulties in childhood, but it is most obviously identified as one or
the other of two distinct socioemotional profiles. The “inhibited” child
with RAD is angry, avoidant, and withdrawn. The “disinhibited” child
with RAD is gregarious, engaging, and indiscriminately affectionate.
Which child is socially and emotionally more mature?
Which child is psychologically healthier?
It’s tempting to think of a withdrawn and isolating child as socially
delayed and the outgoing and engaging child as socially precocious,
when in fact both kids are terribly off-course. Although the more outgo-
ing child will be easier to talk to and more likable, neither is socially
and emotionally mature. Both have failed to establish the core sense
of self associated with early attachment security and the rudiments of
reciprocity necessary for developing healthy relationships. Both have a
very limited capacity for self-regulation and both have developed a
short-term and maladaptive strategy for coping with relationships. The
inhibited RAD child cowers in fear and lashes out in rage, certain that
nurturance will never be forthcoming. The disinhibited RAD child fawns
on anyone at any time, eager to add any little drop of fuel to an empty
emotional gas tank.
The extremes associated with RAD—particularly the disinhibited
child’s presentation—help to put a discussion about social and emo-
tional development in context. We must never mistake a child’s social
skills for his or her social and emotional maturity (Semrud-Clikeman,
2007). Social skills are the clothes that we wear when we encounter
others. They are the acquired or explicitly taught strategies that lubricate
social interaction even if they do little to shape how an individual thinks
of him- or herself and a relationship partner.
Consider the two cases of a false-positive and a false-negative error:
■
In interview, you find Sam to be a thoroughly engaging, respectful,
and polite 10-year-old. He looks you in the eye, shakes your
hand, addresses you by your title, and eagerly complies with all
of your requests. This impressive display of etiquette may be
consistent with genuine maturity, but is not enough. Sam is just
as likely to be an adultified child whose family circumstances
have taught him that interacting with grown-ups in a peer-like
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