Commissioner Statements 74
recommendations, particularly as they relate to the tenor of the debate over illegal
immigration.
In the ensuing period between our briefing and the issuance of this report, the precarious
economic position of low-skilled workers—and of black workers in particular—has been
demonstrated once again. The nation has experienced what some have termed a ―Great
Recession.‖ But ―the pain of this labor market downturn has not been widely shared across
age, educational or occupational groups,‖
116
with young workers (ages 16-24), non-college
educated male adults, blue collar workers and black males bearing the brunt of the nation‘s
economic woes.
117
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in April 2010 joblessness for blacks hit 16.5
percent, compared with 9.0 percent for whites and 12.5 percent for Hispanics. The
Washington Post reports that in October 2009 joblessness for young black men aged 16-24
hit Great Depression proportions of 34.5 percent, ―more than three times the rate for the
general U.S. population.‖
118
Since members of this age group are relatively new to the job
market, dislocation caused by the lack or loss of crucial gateway job experiences can have
damaging future consequences, including wholesale labor force withdrawal.
Considering the unemployment rates of low-skilled workers generally, those with less than a
high school diploma had an unemployment rate of 14.7 percent in April 2010. For those with
a high school diploma but no college, the unemployment rate was 10.6 percent. But for those
with a bachelor‘s degree it was 4.6 percent—within the range of what labor economists deem
an ―acceptable‖ level of structural unemployment or ―full employment.‖ Unemployment
rates have been higher in industries that employ a high number of illegal immigrant workers.
These rates do not account for the growing percentage of low-skill American workers leaving
the labor market altogether.
119
116
A
NDREW
S
UM ET AL
., T
HE
D
EEP
D
EPRESSION IN
B
LUE
C
OLLAR
L
ABOR
M
ARKETS
I
N THE
U.S.: T
HEIR
I
MPLICATIONS FOR
F
UTURE
E
CONOMIC
S
TIMULUS AND
W
ORKFORCE
D
EVELOPMENT
P
OLICIES
,
(Dec. 2009),
available at
http://www.massworkforce.com/documents/NationalBlueCollarWorkersReport.pdf.
117
Id.
at 1.
See also
Eric Eckholm,
Working Poor and Young Hard Hit By Economic Downturn
, N.Y. T
IMES
(Nov. 8, 2008), at A26,
available at
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/us/09young.html;
Andrew M. Sum
and Paul E. Harrington,
Two Kinds ofImmigration
, B
OS
. G
LOBE
(Oct. 16, 2006),
available at
http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/10/16/two_kinds_of_immigration/
(―Available evidence shows that there has been a high rate of displacement of younger, native-born male
workers and younger women without four-year college degrees by newer immigrants, especially undocumented
immigrants.‖).
118
See
B
UREAU OF
L
ABOR
S
TATISTICS
U
NEMPLOYMENT
D
ATA
(Apr. 2010).
See also
V. Dion Haynes,
Blacks
Hit Hard by Economy’s Punch
, W
ASH
. P
OST
(Nov. 24, 2009), available at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2009/11/23/AR2009112304092.html.
119
According to researchers, one possible response to immigration by native workers is wholesale labor force
withdrawal.
Labor force withdrawal is important in its own right since it directly reflects an economic loss and
it weakens the attachment of low-wage native workers to the labor market. But it is also important
because it affects the measurement of the economic consequences of immigration. When native
workers respond to immigration by dropping out of the labor force, they reduce its measured
impact for two reasons. First, dropouts are subtracted out from both the numerator and the
denominator of the unemployment rate. Second, the workers who withdraw are the lowest-wage
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