Vibhāṣā-śāstra,
and he changed his course of study and devoted
himself to learning Hinayana theories. He wrote several tens of treatises to
refute the principles of the Mahayana teachings and to promote Hinayana
theories. He also wrote several tens of secular books to denounce the classical
works written by his predecessors. He pondered the Buddhist scriptures and
found more than ten dubious points that he could not solve and despite his
studies for a long time his doubts were not resolved.
There was then the arhat Devasena (known as Tianjun, “Heavenly Army,”
in Chinese), who used to frequent Tuṣita Heaven [where Maitreya Bodhisattva
resided]. Guṇaprabha wished to see Maitreya to seek instructions for the
solution of his doubts and Devasena brought him to the heavenly palace by
his supernatural powers. Upon seeing Maitreya, [Guṇaprabha] would not
salute him in the proper way. Devasena said to him, “Maitreya Bodhisattva
is next only to the Buddha in position. Why are you so conceited as to not
worship him? Since you desire to study under his guidance how can you be
so unruly toward him?” Guṇaprabha said in reply, “What you, Venerable Sir,
have said is truly a good admonition but I am a fully ordained
bhikṣu,
a home-
less disciple, while Maitreya Bodhisattva is enjoying the bliss of heaven and
is not a renunciant monk. I am afraid that it is unbefitting of me to worship
him.” The bodhisattva, knowing that [Guṇaprabha’s] conceited mind was so
stubborn that he was not a competent person to hear the Dharma, would not
resolve his doubts, even though Guṇaprabha came up to heaven three times.
[Guṇa prabha] said to Devasena that he wished to see [Maitreya] Bodhisattva
once more so as to worship him but Devasena detested his conceit and con-
temptuously ignored his request. Having not satisfied his wish, Guṇaprabha
retired to a forest, holding a grudge, to practice meditation for the development
of supernatural powers but as he did not eliminate his conceit he could not
attain sainthood.
Three or four
li
to the north of Guṇaprabha’s monastery there is a big
monastery with more than two hundred monks, all of whom study Hinayana
111
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
teachings. This is the place where the
śāstra
master Saṃghabhadra passed
away. A native of the country of Kaśmīra, the
śāstra
master was an intelligent
and learned man who enjoyed a good reputation from the time of his youth
and made a profound study of the
Vibhāṣā-śāstra
of the Sarvāstivāda school.
There was then Vasubandhu Bodhisattva, whose mind was fixed on the
abstruse Way, seeking implications beyond words. In order to refute the
Vibhā ṣā
masters he composed the
Abhidharmakośa-śāstra,
a work written
in fine and dexterous language that explains the meanings in a pure and sub-
lime manner. When Saṃghabhadra read this work he made up his mind to
probe into its contents. After making a profound study of the work for twelve
years, he composed the
Kośakarakā-śāstra
in twenty-five thousand stanzas
and eight hundred thousand words. This book consists of words of far-reaching
import, seeking the depths of abstruse and subtle theories. He said to his dis-
ciples, “With my outstanding competence and correct reasoning, go and
refute Vasubandhu to frustrate his sharpness and break the old man’s monopoly
on eminent fame.” Three or four of his prominent disciples took Saṃgha -
bhadra’s treatise and went to visit Vasubandhu.
At that time Vasubandhu was in Śākula City in the country of Ṭakka.
When the news arrived that Saṃghabhadra was coming Vasubandhu packed
up his things. His bewildered disciples came forward to remonstrate with
him, saying, “Great Master, your virtue surpasses that of former sages and
your unique fame spreads far in the present world. All scholars far and near
have great esteem for you. Why are you so alarmed at the news of Saṃghab-
hadra’s arrival? Even if he is coming to humiliate us we will boldly face
him.” Vasubandhu said, “It is not because I wish to avoid this man that I am
going far away. Looking around this country, I find no one skillful and com-
petent enough to decide the case. Saṃghabhadra is a young man, eloquent
in debate, while I am advanced in years and could not hold a discussion with
him. I wish to defeat his heterodox views with one word and I intend to lure
him to Central India to meet venerable and learned scholars who can discern
truth from falsehood and find out right and wrong.” He then asked his com-
panion to carry his bookcase for him and soon started on the long journey.
The
śāstra
master Saṃghabhadra arrived at the monastery one day after
[Vasubandhu’s departure] and suddenly found himself short of breath. So he
112
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Fascicle IV
wrote a letter of apology to Vasubandhu, in which he said, “After the nirvana
of the Tathāgata his disciples split into different sects and schools, each prop-
agating his own theories in specific ways. They defended those who belonged
to their own sects and despised those who were affiliated with other groups.
Being an ignorant man of shallow learning, I had the opportunity to pursue
knowledge under my teachers and read the
Abhidharmakośa-śāstra
composed
by you for the refutation of the principles of the
Vibhāṣā
masters. I overrated
my abilities and worked for many years on a treatise, [the
Kośakarakā-śāstra,
]
with the intention of making it a support for the correct theories. My scheme
was great but my wisdom too small, and the time of my death is approaching.
You are a bodhisattva who expounds the subtle sayings and propagates the
supreme truth. I would be happy if you would not deny what opinions I hold
so that my treatise might be preserved. Then I can die without regret.”
He selected some of his disciples who were eloquent in debate and said
to them, “I am really a man of the younger generation and despised the sages
of older times. What can I do, if such is my fate? I shall be dying soon. You
should take this letter together with my treatise to apologize to that bodhisattva
and show repentance on my behalf.” As soon as he finished these words, he
passed away.
His disciples took the letter and went to Vasubandhu, and said to him,
“Our teacher Saṃghabhadra has passed away. He left word for us to send
this letter to express his self-reproach and apologize to you for his mistakes,
hoping that you would not bring down his reputation, though this may be
beyond our expectation.”
Vasubandhu Bodhisattva read the letter and looked over the treatise for
a long while before he spoke to the disciples, saying, “The ś
āstra
master
Saṃgha bhadra was a young scholar of intelligence. In his treatise the theories
are not sufficiently elucidated but his phraseology is sharp enough. If I wish
to confute this treatise it would be as easy as pointing at my palm. Considering
the he request made on his deathbed, and having noticed the words he spoke
after realizing the difficulties in his attempt, I shall comply, out of the principle
of righteousness, with his long-cherished ambition; moreover, the views of
my school are also expounded in his treatise.” Then he changed the title of
the treatise to the
Nyāyānusāra-śāstra.
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
[Vasubandhu’s] disciples remonstrated with him, saying, “Before Saṃgha -
badra’s death, you, a great teacher, went far away from him and now, after
having obtained his treatise, you changed its title. How will any of your dis-
ciples be able to bear the shame?” In order to clear up their doubt Vasubandhu
Bodhisattva uttered the following stanza:
When a king of lions
Runs away from a pig,
The wise should know
Which is the winner in strength.
After Saṃghabhadra’s death his body was cremated and his ashes were
preserved in a stupa, which is still in existence, built in a mango grove over
two hundred paces to the northwest of the monastery.
Beside the mango grove there is a stupa containing the remains of
śāstra
master Vimalamitra (known as Wugouyou, “Stainless Friend,” in Chinese).
This
śāstra
master was a native of the country of Kaśmīra and became a
monk of the Sarvāstivāda school. He was widely learned in various scriptures
and studied the treatises of diverse sects, and he traveled throughout the five
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