Fascicle IV
Fifteen Countries, from
Ṭakka to Kapitha
1. The Country of Ṭakka 9. The Country of Śrughna
2. The Country of Cīnabhukti 10. The Country of Matipura
3. The Country of Jālaṃdhara 11. The Country of Brahmapura
4. The Country of Kulūta 12. The Country of Goviṣāṇa
5. The Country of Śatadru 13. The Country of Ahicchattra
6. The Country of Pāriyātra 14. The Country of Vilaśāṇa
7. The Country of Mathurā 15. The Country of Kapitha
8. The Country of Sthāneśvara
The country of Ṭakka is more than ten thousand
li
in circuit, with the Vipāśā
River at its east and the Indus River at its west; the capital city is over twenty
li
in circuit. The soil is good for growing nonglutinous rice and there is plenty
of winter wheat. The country produces gold, silver, brass, copper, and iron.
The climate is hot and there is much violent wind. The people are rude and
ill-tempered and their language is base and vulgar. They dress in white gar-
ments known as
kauśeya
(“wild silk”) clothes and “morning glow” (fine cot-
ton) costume. Few of them believe in the buddha-dharma and most of them
serve the deities. There are ten monasteries and several hundred
deva
temples.
In this country there were formerly many almshouses to render help to the
poor and needy or give them free food and medicine, and to provide travelers
with meals so that they might dispel their fatigue.
Going fourteen or fifteen
li
to the southwest from the capital city, I reached
the old city of Śākala. The city wall is dilapidated but the foundations are
still tough and strong. It is over twenty
li
in circuit, inside which there is a
smaller city, six or seven
li
in circuit, with rich and prosperous inhabitants.
This was the original capital city of the country.
Several hundred years ago there was a king named Mahirakula (known
as Dazu, “Great Clan,” in Chinese), who reigned in this city over all parts
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of India. He was a man of talent and intelligence with a bold and furious
nature. All the neighboring countries were his vassal states. Wishing to learn
about the buddha-dharma in his leisure time, he ordered the monks to rec-
ommend a learned monk of virtue [to be his teacher]. But none of the monks
dared accept the offer, as they had few desires in their quiet lives and did not
seek fame or eminence, while those who were erudite and prominent feared
his majesty.
At that time there was a man who had been a servant of the royal household
but he had also been a monk for a long time. A man of refined speech and
skillful in discussion, he was chosen by the monks to accept the king’s appoint-
ment. King Mahirakula said, “Out of respect for the buddha-dharma I tried
to seek a monk of renown, and you now recommend a slave to hold discus-
sions with me! I thought that there were many brilliant scholars in the com-
munity of monks but now I have come to know the actual condition. What
is there for me to respect?” Then he issued an order to all the five parts of
India to destroy whatever was connected with Buddhism and to expel all
monks and not allow a single one to remain behind.
Now in the country of Magadha, King Bālāditya (known as Youri, “Morn-
ing Sun,” in Chinese) respected the buddha-dharma and loved his subjects,
Because King Mahirakula employed cruel punishment and practiced tyranny,
King Bālāditya defended his territory and refused to pay tribute to Mahirakula
as his subordinate. King Mahirakula mobilized his troops to punish Bālāditya,
but Bālāditya got news of the invasion and said to his ministers, “I have
heard that the invaders are coming but I do not have the heart to injure the
soldiers. May you officials and commoners spare me of guilt and allow my
humble self to hide in the grassy marshland.” Having said so, he left the
palace and went to the mountainous wilderness and several myriads of his
admirers and followers accompanied him to take refuge on an island.
King Mahirakula then handed over his troops to his younger brother and
sailed across the sea to attack the island. King Bālāditya guarded the strategic
points and sent his light cavalrymen to lure the enemy to war. Amid the clamor
of gongs and drums, Bālāditya’s soldiers, lying in ambush, suddenly appeared
in all quarters and captured Mahirakula alive, who was then granted the favor
of an audience. Ashamed of his misbehavior, King Mahirakula covered his
face with his robes. King Bālāditya, seated on his lion seat and surrounded
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Fascicle IV
by his officials, ordered his attendants to tell Mahirakula, “Uncover your
face; I wish to speak to you.” Mahirakula said in reply, “The vassal and the
lord have changed positions. We now face each other in grudges and enmity,
and since we are not on friendly terms what is the use of having a face-to-
face talk?” Despite repeated exhortation to [uncover his face] he would not
do so. Then it was ordered to enumerate Mahirakula’s faults. “The Triple
Gem is the field of blessedness, it is that on which all creatures of the four
forms of birth can depend. If I had allowed you to act like a jackal or wolf
you would have completely destroyed the causes of superior [good] deeds.
Good luck is not on your side and so you have been captured by me. Your
crimes are unpardonable and you must be sentenced to death.”
When the mother of King Bālāditya, who was a woman of erudition and
good memory and an expert physiognomist, heard that Mahirakula was to
be executed, she promptly told King Bālāditya, “I have heard that Mahirakula
is a person with marvelous features and great wisdom. I wish to have a look
at him.” King Bālāditya then had Mahirakula led to his mother’s palace. The
queen mother said, “Alas, Mahirakula! You need not feel ashamed. The world
is impermanent and honor and disgrace replace each other alternately. I am
just as your mother and you, my son. You should remove the covering on
your face so that we may talk face to face.” Mahirakula said, “I was the lord
of a country hostile to you but I am now a captive at your court. I have demol-
ished the achievements of my forerunners and brought my ancestral line to
an end. Not only I am ashamed to face my forefathers but also I feel remorseful
to my subjects. I am ashamed to see heaven and earth so I regretfully cover
my face with my clothes.” The king’s mother said, “The rise and fall of a
nation depends on circumstances and existence or extinction is predestined
by fate. If your mind looks at things with a view of equality, then both gain
and loss are forgotten. If your mind is controlled by things, there will then
arise feelings of calumny and commendation. You should believe in karmic
retribution and change with the change of time. If you remove your covering
and speak to me face to face, you may perhaps be able to keep your life.”
Mahirakula said gratefully, “I am a man of no talent and attained the throne
by mere chance. Through my malpractice in political administration my royal
lineage was brought to an end. Although I am under arrest I still cling to my
life even for a short while. For your great courtesy I thank you face to face
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with profuse gratitude.” Then he removed his robes from his face. The king’s
mother said to him, “Take good care of yourself and you will live to the
natural end of your life.”
Then she told King Bālāditya, “It is laid down in the code of our ancestors
that we should forgive other people’s faults and be kind to living beings.
Although King Mahirakula has done evil for a long time his personal blessed-
ness has not yet been exhausted. If you kill this man we will suffer famine
for twelve years. He has prognostic signs of reinstatement but he will not be
the king of a great country; he will occupy and possess a small country in
the north.” Under the admonition of his compassionate mother, King Bālāditya
took pity on the lord who had lost his kingdom; he married his young daughter
to him and treated him with special hospitality. Mahirakula’s defeated soldiers
were enrolled to reinforce his guards before [the former king] was sent out
of the island.
In the meantime King Mahirakula’s younger brother had returned to his
own country and established himself as king, so Mahirakula had lost the
throne and had to flee and hide himself in the mountainous wilderness. He
then went north to seek refuge in the country of Kaśmīra, and the king of
Kaśmīra accorded him deep courtesy and conferred feudal estates upon him.
After some years had passed [Mahirakula], commanding the people of
his fiefdom, killed the king of Kaśmīra on some pretext and proclaimed him-
self king. With the prestige of his success in the war he then attacked the
country of Gandhāra in the west and he had his troops lie in ambush and
killed the king. The members of the royal clan and all the ministers were
slaughtered and one thousand six hundred stupas and monasteries were
demolished. Apart from those killed in the war, there were nine
koṭi
s of people
who remained alive, and he intended to kill them all and not allow a single
one to survive. At that time his assistants at court admonished him, saying,
“Your Majesty’s prestige awed the strong enemies so much that their chiefs
were executed even before the soldiers exchanged blows. What guilt have
the common people committed? We wish to substitute our humble lives for
their deaths.” The king said, “You believe in the buddha-dharma and think
highly of future blessedness. Because you desire to achieve buddhahood you
widely propagate the Jātaka stories. Do you intend to hand down my evil
repute to posterity? Go back to your seats and say no more!”
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Fascicle IV
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