li
in circuit and its capital city is over twenty
li
in circuit.
The soil is saline and plants are sparse. Salt is produced by boiling seawater,
and the sea provides profitable occupations. The climate is hot, with abrupt
cyclones blowing violently. The people are stingy by custom and deceitful
in disposition. They are ignorant of learning and arts and believe in both het-
erodox and orthodox doctrines. There are over ten monasteries with more
than three hundred monks, who study Mahayana and Sthavira teachings.
Deva
temples are more than ten in number and the heretics live together.
From here going northwest for more than two thousand
li,
I reached the coun-
try of Mālava (i.e., the country of South Lāṭa in the domain of South India).
The country of Mālava is more than six thousand
li
in circuit and its capital
city, over thirty
li
in circuit, is situated on the southeast bank of the Mahī
River. The land is fertile, producing rich crops, with luxuriant vegetation and
plenty of flowers and fruit. The soil is specially good for growing winter
wheat, so the inhabitants mostly eat pancakes and baked wheat flour. The
people are benign by nature and are generally intelligent. They speak a refined
language and are well educated. In all the five parts of India there are two
countries in which learning is emphasized; one is the country of Mālava in
the southwest and the other is the country of Magadha in the northeast. The
people [of Magadha] prize virtue, advocate loving-kindness and, being diligent
and clever, they work hard at learning. In this country [of Mālava] both het-
erodox and orthodox doctrines are followed and there are several hundred
monasteries with more than twenty thousand monks who study the teachings
of the Hinayana Saṃmitīya school.
Deva
temples are several hundred in
number with numerous heretics, mostly ash-smearing ascetics.
It is recorded in the local history that sixty years ago the king, named
Śīlāditya, was a person of brilliant wisdom and resourcefulness with broad
and profound knowledge. He protected and fostered all living beings and
venerated the Triple Gem. From his birth up to his old age he was never
angry with anyone and never killed living beings. He was so kind that even
the drinking water for elephants and horses was filtered before it was given
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935c
Fascicle XI
to them, lest insects in the water would be injured. During his reign of more
than fifty years, wild animals were friendly with people and in the whole
country the people never killed or harmed them. Beside the royal palace was
a temple built by the most skilled workmen, decorated with all kinds of adorn-
ments. Images of the seven buddhas were kept inside the temple. An unlimited
assembly was held regularly every year, to which monks from the four quarters
were invited to receive offerings of the four monastic requisites, or the three
types of robes and the seven kinds of precious gems. This good deed has been
done from generation to generation without interruption.
More than twenty
li
to the northwest of the great city one comes to a brah-
man village. Beside it is a pit, which never overflows when water flows into
it from different sources, even under the excessive rains that last ten days at
a stretch during the autumn and summer seasons. Beside the pit was a small
stupa. I heard some old people say that this was the place where an arrogant
brahman of yore fell into hell alive.
In this village there was once a brahman who was a man of erudition, the
most prominent among his contemporaries, learned in both Buddhist and
heretical texts. He was also an expert in the art of calendrical calculation and
astronomy. As a person of lofty character, his fame spread far. The king
respected him appreciatively and the people venerated him as a teacher. His
disciples, who were counted in the thousands, followed his theories and
admired his way of teaching. He often said, “I was born into the world to
transmit the teachings of the sages in order to guide ordinary people. None
of the former sages or future philosophers are my equal. The people are
enthusiastic in propagating the theories of Maheśvaradeva, Vāsudeva,
Nārāyaṇadeva, and the World-honored Buddha, and they draw pictures of
them for pious worship. But I now surpass them all in virtue and my reputation
is dominant at the present time. I should be different from them all, otherwise
how can I distinguish myself?” So he carved images of Maheśvaradeva,
Vāsudeva, Nārāyaṇadeva, and the World-honored Buddha in red sandalwood
and made a seat with four legs, which was carried wherever he went. Such
was his attitude of overweening pride.
At that time in West India there was a
bhikṣu
called Bhadraruci (known
as Xianai, “Friendly Affection,” in Chinese), a highly learned logician who
had fully mastered the theories of heretical treatises. He was pure in conduct
299
936a
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
and observed the disciplinary rules in such a perfect manner that his moral
influence affected others, just like the strong fragrance of flowers does. He
had little desire and was quite content, never seeking material welfare. Having
heard about the arrogant brahman, the
bhikṣu
said with a sigh, “What a pity!
At present the world is devoid of a great teacher, so an ignorant man dares
to commit treacherous deeds.”
[The
bhikṣu
] carried his pewter staff and traveled far to this country. He
told his intention to the king, who, on seeing that he was dressed in a shabby
robe, did not have any feeling of veneration for him. Due to his lofty ambition,
however, the king was obliged to pay the monk due respect. He prepared
debating seats and invited the brahman, who said with a smile, “Who is it that
dares to cherish such an ambition?” He ordered his disciples to come to the
debating ground, and hundreds and thousands of people assembled to listen
to the argumentation. Bhadraruci, wearing his shabby robe, sat on a heap of
grass spread on the ground, while the brahman sat on the seat that he carried
with him. The brahman refuted the right Dharma and propagated erroneous
theories. The
bhikṣu
argued fluently for several rounds and at last defeated
the brahman [in the debate]. The king said [to the brahman], “With your false
repute you have cheated the king and beguiled the people for a long time. It
is laid down in the ancient code that the party defeated in a debate should be
put to death.” A piece of hot iron from a stove was made ready for the brahman
to sit on. The brahman, pressed in such an awkward predicament, took refuge
in Bhadraruci and pleaded for his help. The
bhikṣu
said to the king, “The
influence of Your Majesty’s kindness spreads far and your good reputation is
known to all. Please be compassionate and do not resort to cruel punishment.
Pardon him for his mistakes and let him go wherever he wishes.” The king
ordered the brahman to ride on a donkey to announce his defeat all around
the city. Put to such shame, the brahman felt so gravely insulted that he spat
blood. Hearing this, the
bhikṣu
went to comfort him and said, “You are learned
in both Buddhist and heretical doctrines and your fame reaches far and near.
Concerning the matter of glory or insult, you should know how to deal with
it. What is substantial in the matter of fame?” The brahman, indignant, rebuked
the
bhikṣu,
slandered the Mahayana teachings, and scorned the ancient saints.
Before he had finished speaking his blasphemy the earth cracked open and
he fell alive into the crevice. The site still remains there.
300
Fascicle XI
From there rounding a cape and going northwest for two thousand four hun-
dred or five hundred
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