tāla
(fan palm) trees more
than thirty
li
in circuit. The leaves of this kind of tree are long, broad, and
glossy, and they are used as writing paper in various countries. In the wood
there is a stupa that marks the place where the four past buddhas sat and
walked up and down. Beside it is another stupa in which the relics of the
arhat Śruti viṃ śatikoṭi are preserved.
Not far to the east of the city is a stupa whose base has collapsed; the
remaining part is about thirty feet above the ground. I heard some old people
say that it contains relics of the Tathāgata that occasionally emit a divine
light on fast days. Once the Tathāgata preached the Dharma at this place and
manifested supernatural powers to convert a mass of people.
Not far to the southwest of the city is a stupa more than a hundred feet
high built by King Aśoka at the spot where the arhat Śrutiviṃśatikoṭi showed
great supernatural powers to convert living beings. Beside it is the ruined
base of a monastery constructed by the arhat.
From here going northwest and entering a great wild jungle infested with
ferocious animals, harassed by cruel bandits in gangs, I journeyed for two
thousand and four or five hundred
li
and reached the country of Mahārāṣṭra
(in the domain of South India). The country of Mahārāṣṭra is more than six
thousand
li
in circuit and its capital city, bordered by a large river on the
west, is over thirty
li
in circuit. The land is fertile and yields plenty of crops.
The climate is warm and hot and the people, simple and honest by custom,
are tall and sturdy in stature and are proud and carefree by nature. They are
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
grateful for kindness and take revenge for injustices. If anyone insults them
they will risk their lives to avenge themselves. They extend help selflessly
to those who come seeking refuge in distress. When they are about to take
vengeance they notify their opponent beforehand, so that both parties can
put on armor to fight a duel. On the battlefield they chase after defeated ene-
mies but they do not kill those who have surrendered. No punishment is
meted out to defeated soldiers and generals but they are made to put on
women’s clothing to shame them into committing suicide. The state keeps
several hundred warriors. Before each decisive battle they become intoxicated
with wine, and a single one of them, leading the vanguard of the fighters,
can frustrate the bellicose spirit of a host of enemies. If they injure the inhab-
itants the state will not punish them. The vanguard beats the drums each time
they come out for an battle. Moreover, they raise several hundred violent
elephants, which are also fed with wine before taking part in an engagement.
The [animals] trample and stampede wildly and break down all resistance
before them. Relying on the strength of these warriors and elephants, the
king looks down on neighboring countries.
The king, named Pulakeśin, is a
kṣatriya
by caste. He is an astute man of
farsighted resourcefulness who extends kindness to all and his subjects serve
him with perfect loyalty. The great King Śīlāditya has invaded from the east
and west and a number of countries far and near have either pledged allegiance
to him or become his vassals; only the country [of Mahārāṣṭra] has refused
to acknowledge his suzerainty. On several occasions Śīlāditya led the armed
forces of the five parts of India and summoned heroic fighters of various
countries under his personal command to invade this country but he failed
to win a victory. Such is the militancy of this country but its social customs
are quite different. The people are fond of learning and profess both heterodox
and orthodox doctrines. There are more than a hundred monasteries with
over five thousand monks who study comprehensively both the Maha yana
and Hinayana teachings.
Deva
temples are counted by the hundreds and the
heretics are quite numerous.
Within and without the great city are five stupas built by King Aśoka to
mark sites where the four past buddhas sat and walked up and down. The
other stone and brick stupas are too numerous to be described in detail. Not
far to the south of the city is an old monastery in which is enshrined a stone
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Fascicle XI
image of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva that possesses latent spiritual power
and often answers prayers.
In the eastern part of the country there is a great mountain whose peaks
join together to form a screen, with steep cliffs rising in a range. In the deep
valley there is a monastery with lofty halls and spacious houses on the peaks
at the back and storied pavilions and mulitiered terraces standing before the
cliffs, facing the gully. This monastery was built by the arhat Ācāra (known
as Suoxing, “Behavior,” in Chinese), who was a native of West India. After
his mother had died he observed where she had been reborn and saw that
she was reborn as a girl in this country. The arhat came here with the intention
of guiding and taking his mother [into the path of Buddhism] as the occasion
arose. He entered the village to collect alms and came to the house where
his mother had been reborn. When the girl came out to offer him food her
breasts spontaneously yielded milk. Her kinsfolk thought it was inauspicious
but the arhat told them the cause of the phenomenon and thereupon the girl
realized the fruition of sainthood. In order to repay the kindness of his mother
for giving birth to him in her previous life as a result of karmic forces, the
arhat built this monastery out of gratitude for her deep virtue.
The great temple of the monastery is more than a hundred feet high;
enshrined within is a stone image of the Buddha, over seventy feet tall. Above
the image are suspended seven tiers of stone canopies that are neither attached
nor supported, each separated from the one above it by a space of about three
feet. I heard some old people say that the canopies were supported by the
willpower of the arhat, or by his supernatural powers, or by the efficacy of
drugs and magic. I made an actual investigation but could not find out the
real cause. All around the temple, engraved on the stone walls, are carvings
depicting the events of the Tathāgata when he was practicing the bodhisattva
way in his previous lives, such as the good omens of his realization of saint-
hood and the spiritual signs of his entering nirvana, including all major and
minor items carved in full detail. Outside the gate of the monastery, at the
south and north and to the right and left, are stone elephants, each standing
at a point. I heard some native people say that these elephants have occa-
sionally trumpeted and caused earthquakes. Formerly Dignāga Bodhisattva
spent most of his time in this monastery.
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
From here going west for more than one thousand
li
and after crossing the
Narmadā River, I reached the country of Bharukacchapa (in the domain of
South India). The country of Bharukacchapa is two thousand four hundred
or five hundred
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