3. Three Further Demonstrations of Authority (8:23–9:8)
²³And when Jesus had got into the boat his disciples followed him. ²⁴Suddenly¹
there was a great storm² on the lake, so that the boat was being swamped by the
waves—but Jesus went on sleeping. ²⁵So they³ came and woke him, saying,
“Lord, save us;⁴ we are sinking.” ² He said to them, “Why are you scared, you
faithless⁵ people?” Then he got up and rebuked the winds and the lake, and there
was complete calm. ²⁷The men were amazed, and said, “What sort of person is
this? Even the winds and the lake obey him!”
²⁸When he had reached the other side, in the territory of the Gadarenes,⁷ he was
confronted by two demon-possessed men who came out from the tombs; they
were really unmanageable, so that no one was able to travel that way. ² They
shouted out at him, “Leave us alone,⁸ you son of God. Have you come here
before the proper time to torment us?” ³ Now there was a herd of many pigs
feeding some distance away. ³¹The demons began to plead with Jesus, “If you are
going to¹ throw us out, send us into the herd of pigs.” ³²“Off you go,” he replied;
and they came out and went off into the pigs, and suddenly the whole herd
stampeded down over the cliff into the lake and were drowned.¹¹ ³³The
swineherds ran away and went off to the town and told the whole story,
including¹² what had happened to the possessed men. ³⁴There and then¹³ the
whole town came out to meet Jesus; and when they saw him they urged him to
go away from their area.
:¹Jesus got into the boat and crossed the lake and came to his own town. ²And
some people arrived bringing¹⁴ to him a paralyzed man lying¹⁵ on a bed. When
Jesus saw their faith he said to the paralyzed man, “Take heart, son; your sins are
forgiven.” ³But there were some scribes there who muttered among¹ themselves.
“This man is blaspheming.” ⁴When Jesus saw¹⁷ what they were thinking, he
asked, “Why do you harbor evil thoughts in your hearts? ⁵For which is easier, to
say ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say ‘Get up and walk’? But so that you may
know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins” (he said to the
paralyzed man)¹⁸ “get up, pick up your bed, and off you go to your house.” ⁷And
the man got up and went away to his house. ⁸When the crowds saw this, they
were afraid,¹ and they gave glory to God who had given such authority to
human beings.
The second group of miracles (see pp. 300–302 for the grouping of miracles in
these chapters) are linked both geographically and thematically. Geographically
they are grouped around the crossing of the lake, which was signalled in v. 18.
The first miracle takes place during the crossing, the second on arrival on the
other side, and the third on their return to Capernaum. The explicit mention of
the boat in 8:23 and 9:1 reinforces this connection. The first two miracles are
similarly linked in Mark and Luke, but the third is added to them by Matthew’s
combining of two Marcan miracle catenae (see pp. 300–301); it occurs in
Capernaum as in Mark, but whereas in Mark Jesus has just returned from a
preaching tour in Galilee, in Matthew he has been across the lake.
The thematic connection between these three miracles is in the unparalleled
authority displayed by Jesus, which is the explicit focus of the third (9:6–8), but
is also expressed in the reaction of the disciples to the first (8:27) and of the
people of the Decapolis to the second (8:34). The miracles in the first group
were physical healings (though exorcisms were also included in the general
summary in 8:16). In this group the third (9:1–8) is also a physical healing, but
that is not the main focus of the pericope which contains it. Rather we now see
Jesus’ authority revealed in three new ways, different from one another but all
equally astounding. He has authority to quell wind and water, to expel demonic
spirits, and to forgive sins. The question “What sort of person is this?” (8:27)
thus becomes ever more insistent.
We noted above (p. 301) Matthew’s remarkably concise narration especially of
the story of the Gadarene demoniac(s)—135 words to Mark’s 330. The luxuriant
details of Mark’s description of “Legion” (Matthew does not mention the name)
in Mark 5:3–5 are summarized in the two almost banal words I have translated
“really unmanageable,” and Mark’s account of the subsequent condition and
response of the demoniac after the exorcism (5:15,18–20) finds no place in
Matthew’s version. Similarly in the Capernaum story, what is for many the most
memorable feature of Mark’s account (the breaking open of the roof to let the
bed down in front of Jesus) is not mentioned, and while the story of the storm is
less drastically abbreviated, both the storm and its cessation are more
economically told and we miss the account of Jesus sleeping “in the stern on the
cushion.” Matthew, as usual, is less concerned with providing an entertaining
story, and includes only what will serve his purpose of underlining the unique
authority of the one whom the demons instinctively recognize as the Son of God
(8:29).
a. The Storm on the Lake (8:23–27)
In its setting in chs. 8–9 this is clearly first and foremost a miracle story, and a
very striking one at that, involving for the first time Jesus’ control over the
natural world. Its theme and in some ways even its wording recalls the recurrent
OT theme of God’s control over wind and waves (e.g. Job 38:8–11; Ps 65:5–8;
89:8–9), with a specially clear echo of the storm scene in Ps 107:23–30. Further
“nature miracles” in 14:15–21, 23–33; 15:32–38; 21:18–22 will reinforce the
message that Jesus is able to do what normal human beings cannot do, and while
the christological implication is here drawn out only in a rhetorical question (v.
27) a similar miracle will evoke in 14:33 the disciples’ first explicit recognition
that Jesus is the Son of God. When to this is added Jesus’ authenticated claim to
a further divine prerogative, the forgiveness of sins (9:3–6), there is no doubt
that Matthew intends his readers to perceive what only gradually became clear to
the disciples, that there was a more literal dimension to the title “God with us”
(1:23) than perhaps Isaiah himself had intended.²
That might be thought to be more than enough theological freight for a short
story of only 73 words to carry, but modern interpretation of Matthew, inspired
by a famous redaction-critical study by G. Bornkamm, has generally agreed that
Matthew has added another symbolic dimension to this story. The experience of
the disciples in the boat is also “a kerygmatic paradigm of the danger and glory
of discipleship.”²¹ The context, immediately following the two cameos of
potential disciples who had proposed to share in this boat-journey, suggests this
symbolism, as does also the way Matthew introduces the story, not only by the
repetition of the words “follow” and “disciples” which have been the focus of
the preceding verses, but also by including in this severely economical pericope
an apparently quite unnecessary description of Jesus getting into the boat first
and the disciples following him in; moreover, on this point Matthew differs
sharply from Mark (4:36), where the disciples are already in the boat and take
Jesus in with them. There is no explicit allegorizing of the boat or the storm,²²
but the “prayer” of the disciples, “Lord, save,” followed by Jesus’ rebuke for
faithlessness (compare 6:30 for this term applied to disciples) fits well with such
a reading. A significant contrast with Mark’s telling of the story is the different
order of events: in Mark the appeal is immediately followed by Jesus’ remedial
action, only after which does he comment on their fear and lack of faith, whereas
in Matthew the comments immediately follow the appeal—Jesus deals with the
disciples before he deals with the storm. This order is perhaps intended to
underline Jesus’ control of the situation (there is no need for panic action), but
also serves to highlight the significance of the disciples’ failure in trust.
To recognize this “paradigmatic” function of the story is not, however, at all to
devalue the sheer miraculousness of the event itself, which is the reason for
Matthew’s including the story at this point, nor the clear echoes which the
pericope provides of OT accounts of the power of the Creator God. Matthew, as
we have seen before especially in ch. 2, is quite capable of maintaining multiple
levels of meaning at the same time, so as to provide symbolic bonus meanings
for the attentive reader.
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