b. The Gadarene Demoniacs (8:28–34)
Jesus’ reputation as an exorcist has already been mentioned in 4:24; 8:16, but
this is the first of five specific exorcisms narrated by Matthew (cf. 9:32–33;
12:22; 15:21–28; 17:14–20). Three of these are recorded more for the
surrounding controversy or dialogue than for the details of the exorcism itself:
only 17:14–20 compares with the present pericope as a narration of an exorcism
as such.
Jesus will also expect his disciples to act as exorcists (10:1, 8; cf. 17:16, 19–20),
and recognizes the reality of exorcism carried out by others outside his group
(12:27); other exorcists outside the Jesus circle are referred to in Mark 9:38;
Acts 19:12–16. Both the controversy surrounding Jesus’ exorcisms (12:22–32)
and his cautionary tale about demonic repossession (12:43–45) indicate that the
reality of demon-possession and the need for it to be addressed by exorcism
were taken for granted by both Jesus and his audience.²
Accounts from both the
Jewish and pagan worlds of the time show that exorcism was an accepted feature
of the ministry of those who claimed to be men of God,²⁷ though there are
relatively few narratives of specific exorcisms²⁸ in comparison with the
prominence of this feature in the ministry of Jesus, who thus appears in Christian
sources as the exorcist par excellence.² In his exorcisms, and especially in
Matthew’s abbreviated version of this one, there is a striking lack of the quasi-
magical formulae and techniques (including the control of the demon by
discovering its name) which seem to have been characteristic of other exorcists.
A simple command suffices; indeed in Matthew’s concise narration here even the
command is not directly reported, but assumed in the demons’ response in v. 31.
This story, though drastically abbreviated (see above), is one of powerful
confrontation between a formidable array of demons³
and the single individual
who, as Son of God, has authority over them. It is a direct confrontation between
two spiritual authorities. The two men who were involved as the “hosts” of the
specification of two witnesses in 26:60, where Mark speaks of an unspecified
number of false witnesses (see on 26:60). But it remains speculative, and it
accounts only with difficulty for 8:29, where the “testimony” is that of the
multiple demons rather than of the two men. No less speculative is the traditional
harmonistic view that both here and in the Jericho story there were in fact two
men involved, and that Mark and Luke have mentioned only one of them (the
same has been suggested also of the two donkeys, in that case with better reason
since presumably Jesus rode on only one of them); such harmonizations can
seldom be proved impossible, but most interpreters prefer to look for a literary
explanation of what seems to be a tendency of this one author. The reason for
Matthew’s “seeing double” remains a matter of speculation.
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