many further Galilean incidents without a defined place, “the whole of
Galilee” should be understood as describing a wide-spread ministry rather
than quite literally. For instance, we have no record of Jesus ever visiting
the two Hellenistic cities of Sepphoris and Tiberias which both served as
capitals for Antipas’ Galilee. Jesus’ visits seem to have been primarily to the
more traditionally Jewish parts of the province. The mention of
“synagogues” reinforces this focus; in first-century Galilee the term may
denote village assemblies rather than buildings erected for worship as such,
but its usage focuses on Jewish communities.⁷ “The people” (laos; see p. 53,
n. 47 and p. 70, n. 46) in Matthew also normally denotes especially the
people of Israel. Jesus will himself describe his mission as “only to the lost
sheep of the house of Israel,” (15:24) and when he is recorded as being
involved with Gentiles the narrative makes clear that this is exceptional
(8:5–13; 15:21–28).
The mention of “proclaiming the good news” alongside “teaching” in the
synagogues is perhaps not simply repetition but rather distinguishes informal
preaching to gathered crowds from the more formal opportunity to speak by
invitation in a regular weekly assembly; the content is however unlikely to have
differed significantly.⁸ Teaching, proclamation and healing (with exorcism,
mentioned in the next verse) constitute the bulk of Jesus’ recorded activity in
Galilee, and will be comprehensively illustrated in the anthologies of teaching
and healing in chs. 5–7 and 8–9 respectively. Similar terms will be used for the
disciples’ derivative ministry in 10:7–8, though it may be significant that
whereas they too are to “proclaim,” Matthew never uses the verb “teach” of the
disciples until after Jesus (the “one teacher,” 23:8, 10) is no longer present
(28:20).
This is Matthew’s first use of euangelion, “good news.” Unlike Mark (and Luke,
who prefers the verb, euangelizomai) he uses the term only four times, here and
in the parallel passage 9:35 to summarize Jesus’ message, and in 24:14; 26:13 to
denote the church’s proclamation about Jesus after his death;
Matthew
apparently intends his readers to perceive a simple continuity between the
message of Jesus and that of his followers. In three of these four cases the word
occurs in the apparently stereotyped phrase “the gospel of the kingdom.”
Matthew is the only one of the three synoptic evangelists to abbreviate “the
kingdom of God/heaven” (see on 3:2) to simply “the kingdom” in this way.
Modern usage has unfortunately adopted this abbreviation to the extent that “the
kingdom” tout court is now commonly used to summarize the Christian message
(a usage supported in the NT only by Acts 20:25); the word “kingdom” is
sometimes used these days even as an adjective (e.g. Keener, 155: “kingdom
works”)! The effect of this abbreviation is to reinforce the common
misunderstanding, already fostered by the unfortunate English translation
“kingdom” instead of e.g. “reign,” that basileia means a “thing” called a
“kingdom” rather than being a verbal noun to describe God ruling. Matthew
does not use the phrase in that absolute way. He omits “of heaven/God” six
times, but only where basileia already depends on another noun: “the gospel of
the basileia,” (4:23; 9:35; 24:14) “the sons of the basileia”, (8:12; 13:38) “the
word of the basileia,” (13:19) where the gospel context makes it clear that it is
God’s rule that is in view; he never uses hē basileia alone in the manner of Acts
20:25 and modern usage.
The mention that Jesus healed (literally) “every disease and every weakness,”
following the mention of “the whole of Galilee,” suggests that Matthew is
generalizing rather than asserting that no single case of illness was left untreated;
cf. v. 24, the bringing of “all” the afflicted, apparently from the whole Roman
province of Syria. He is describing a phenomenally successful and popular
program of healing, not counting cases.
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