IV. Jerusalem: The Messiah in Confrontation with the Religious Authorities
(21:1–25:46)
Here, for the first time in the Synoptic accounts¹ (except for a childhood visit in
Luke 2:41–52), Jesus and his disciples come to the Jewish capital, the site of the
temple which was the earthly focus of the religion of Israel. The visit will be
brief. All the narrative of 21:1 to 28:15 appears to cover a period of only about
one week, focused on the Passover festival which takes place as its climax and in
the context of which Jesus will be executed. During this week the events which
Jesus has so starkly predicted in 16:21; 17:22–23 and 20:17–19 will at last take
place, and the fulfillment of those predictions will be carefully documented in
these chapters. The shadow of those events has fallen across the whole of the
journey narrative in chapters 16–20, and now with the arrival of Jesus and his
Galilean followers outside the city walls we see the beginning of the decisive
confrontation with the Judean authorities for which we have been well prepared.
I have divided this climactic part of Matthew’s narrative into two major sections
(21:1–25:46 and 26:1–28:15), even though in my commentary on Mark I treated
the whole Jerusalem narrative together as a single final “act” of a deliberately
three-act drama. Two distinctive features of Matthew’s story, however, have
persuaded me to divide this section despite the fact that it contains no change in
geographical location. First is the fact that a three-act structure is in any case
ruled out by Matthew’s inclusion of a further “act” in the contrasting location of
Galilee as the conclusion to his story in 28:16–20; for him Jerusalem is not the
end. Even if Mark originally planned (or indeed wrote) such a final Galilean
scene,² it is not part of his gospel as we know it, and this difference in Matthew’s
narrative scheme must be honored. But secondly, and more significantly,
Matthew’s account of the period in Jerusalem before the Last Supper is
considerably longer than the equivalent section in Mark 11:1–13:37. In his
account of Jesus’ confrontation with the authorities in the temple Matthew has
included two additional parables and the whole of chapter 23 with its diatribe
against the scribes and Pharisees, while the discourse of Mark 13 has increased
in Matthew to more than twice its Marcan length by the addition of a substantial
section of parables and other teaching about the messianic future. The result is
that chs. 21–25 provide a much more extended and theologically weighted
account of the confrontation which precedes the passion narrative proper, in
which Matthew has filled out his distinctive theology of the royal authority of
the Son of Man in contrast to the failure of the existing régime and the temple on
which its authority is centered. These five chapters are much more than simply
an introduction to the passion narrative; they challenge the reader to think
through, before the final dénouement of the story, who is now the true Israel.³
This whole section divides naturally into two parts: in chs. 21–23 Jesus
confronts and debates with the Jerusalem authorities, while in chs. 24–25 he
talks privately to his disciples about what is to come and what it all means in
relation to the fulfillment of the OT vision of the kingdom of the Son of Man.
The transition between these two parts is clearly marked by Jesus’ leaving the
temple (24:1). The repudiation of the misguided religion of the scribes and
Pharisees leads up to a climax in 23:29–39 with the pronouncement that
judgment is now to fall on “this generation” and in particular that “your house”
is to be abandoned. The more explicit prediction to the disciples that the temple
will be totally destroyed (24:2) then provokes a bewildered question as to how
this prediction fits in with “your parousia and the close of the age,” and it is this
question which Jesus will deal with in the last great discourse of the gospel,
which deals first with the coming destruction of the temple and secondly with
the subsequent parousia and final judgment by the Son of Man.
But while in chs. 24–25 the audience has changed, the essential thrust of the
narrative has not. Ever since Jesus has ridden up to the city as the “Son of
David” the focus has fallen on the question of his authority. His openly
messianic gestures have led inevitably to a confrontation between the self-
proclaimed Galilean “king” and the Jerusalem authorities whose position he
threatens. In the debates and polemic which follow the reader is faced with a
fundamental choice between the old, discredited leadership and the Son of Man
who has come to fulfill his messianic mission. The three polemical parables of
21:28–22:14 all focus on the contrast between the true and the false, those who
fulfill their responsibilities and those who do not; in all of them there is a
surprise in store for those who were confident of their own position of privilege,
a reversal of fortunes by which the first become last. After this the prediction of
the destruction of the temple and the discourse which explains it do not change
the subject. This temple is the visible symbol of the old régime; its fall is not just
the loss of a building but the end of an era. The kingdom of the Son of Man will
be established in its place, and the great discourse will reach its superb climax in
the vision of the Son of Man ultimately enthroned in power and pronouncing
judgment over all the nations.
It is against that perspective that Matthew’s reader is then able to read the story
of Jesus’ rejection, condemnation and death, and to perceive that the “defeat” of
Jesus by his enemies is in fact the paradoxical way to the establishment of his
kingship. Even on the cross he is king, and when death is itself defeated in the
resurrection the reader will be able to recognize in Israel’s rejected Messiah the
one to whom “all authority in heaven and on earth has been given.” (28:18)
I have spoken above generally of “the Judean authorities” or “the Jerusalem
leadership.” Matthew in fact uses a variety of more specific titles for the people
with whom Jesus is in confrontation in chs. 21–23. We meet “the chief priests
and the scribes” (21:15), “the chief priests and the elders of the people” (21:23),
“the chief priests and the Pharisees” (21:45), “the Pharisees … with the
Herodians” (22:15–16), “Sadducees” (22:23), “the Pharisees” (22:34, 41), until
in ch. 23 the focus finally narrows down specifically to “the scribes and
Pharisees” who are the repeated target of Jesus’ polemic in that chapter. It seems
that Matthew wants us to recognize a wide “coalition” of different groups, who
on other matters would not see eye to eye, coming together to oppose this
northern preacher who in different ways threatened each of their positions of
power and influence. When the actual process of the arrest and trial of Jesus
begins in ch. 26 it will be predominantly the chief priests and elders who are
mentioned as Jesus’ opponents (see below on v. 23), but for now the base of
opposition is much more widely drawn.⁴
The account of the public confrontation in chs. 21–23 follows a natural
progression from the initial provocative arrival and gestures of Jesus to the
authorities’ challenge to his authority and on through a sequence of public
encounters and challenges as Jesus teaches in the temple courtyard to the point
where in ch. 23 dialogue becomes monologue and Jesus denounces the scribes
and Pharisees without response. Within this overall development Matthew’s
distinctive style may be discerned in the way many of the episodes fall into
groups of three: three symbolic actions (21:1–22), three polemical parables
(21:28–22:14), and three hostile questions and responses (22:15–40).
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