patterns of prayer for God’s discriminatory benevolence to his own people
whether in matters of weather and natural resources or with regard to
health, prosperity etc. The disciple’s benevolence should be equally open
and uncalculating.¹ ³
46–47 Two pairs of rhetorical questions underline the point: benevolence
restricted only to members of one’s own circle is no more than what the rest
of the world expects and practises. “Love” and “welcome”¹ ⁴ refer not only
to feelings and words, but to an accepting attitude which determines the
way we treat other people. For the use of “tax-collectors” (see on 9:9) and
“Gentiles” to characterize the world outside the disciple community cf.
18:17 and comments there (and cf. 6:7 for a similar use of “Gentile”).¹ ⁵ By
using traditional Jewish terms for those whom they regarded as at the
bottom of the moral scale Jesus underlines how basic a human instinct this
is: everyone looks after their own. Underlying the form of these questions is
the assumption first that the life of the disciple is meant to be different,
special, extraordinary, and secondly that there is a reward for a life lived by
this higher standard of love. The first of these assumptions has been amply
displayed throughout this discourse, in the distinctive “good life” of the
beatitudes, the images of the salt of the earth and light of the world, the
“greater righteousness” of v. 20, and the series of increasingly
unconventional demands which have illustrated it. The second (rewards for
discipleship) has also already come to the surface in 5:12 (see comments
there), and will do so increasingly in the next chapter. The reward of the
children of God is for those who live as the children of God.
c. Fulfilling the Law: Summary (5:48)
⁴⁸So you are to be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.
While this verse appropriately rounds off the final example in vv. 43–47, picking
up from v. 45 the theme of the children’s imitation of their heavenly Father (see
on 5:16 for this Matthean phrase), its comprehensive phrasing serves also to sum
up the nature of the whole new way of living which the six examples have
together illustrated, and thus to put into a neat epigram the essential nature of the
“greater righteousness” introduced in v. 20. This saying thus fulfills a more
climactic function than the parallel in Luke 6:36, which has “merciful” instead
of “perfect” and serves to underscore only Luke’s parallel to Matthew’s last two
antitheses. The disciple’s life-style is to be different from other people’s because
it draws its inspiration not from the norms of society but from the character of
God. Even the God-given law had been accommodated to a practical ethical
code with which Jewish society had come to feel comfortable, but Jesus is
demanding a different approach, not via laws read as simply rules of conduct but
rather by looking behind those laws to the mind and character of God himself.
Whereas any definable set of rules could, in principle, be fully kept, the demand
of the kingdom of heaven has no such limit—or rather its limit is perfection, the
perfection of God himself.¹
The wording of this summary recalls the repeated formula of Leviticus, “You are
to be¹ ⁷ holy, for I the Lord your God am holy;” (Lev 19:2; cf. 11:44, 45; 20:26)
God’s people were to reflect his character, and the same is now true for those
who are subjects of the kingdom of heaven. The use of teleios (perfect)¹ ⁸ instead
of “holy” may derive from the requirement of total loyalty to God in Deut 18:13,
where the Hebrew tāmîm (complete, unblemished, blameless, perfect) is
rendered by teleios in LXX. It is a wider term than moral flawlessness, and is
used for spiritual “maturity” e.g. in 1 Cor 2:6; 14:20; Phil 3:15 and frequently in
Hebrews.¹ Matthew will use teleios again in 19:21 to denote the higher level of
commitment represented by the rich man’s selling his possessions in contrast
with his merely keeping the commandments (including again Lev 19:18).¹⁷ It is
thus a suitable term to sum up the “greater righteousness” of v. 20, a
righteousness which is demanded not only from an upper echelon of spiritual
élites but from all who belong to the kingdom of God. It is in the promotion of
this standard of perfection, going far beyond the literal requirements of the OT
law, that Jesus “fulfills” it.
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