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Pecularities of spelling. Multiplication, hiphonation, space-letter w-ds.
They are often employed to reveal the pecularities of speech and to stress a m-ng.
Curious instances of combination of graphic means produce a powerful effect on the reader.
Ex. Apeeeeeeeee noooooyeeeerrrr!
One of the graphological deviations is the m-ngful absence of punctuation marks.
Ex. Seeker of truth follow no path all paths are where truth is here.
(Arnold)
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4. Accord.to St.Petersburg scholars Eng.voc-ry may roughly be derived into 3 groups:
- formal
- neutral
- informal
The main bulk of the EV is stylistically NEUTRAL W-DS, which have no stylistic colouring and may be used in any type or style of speech, they denote things surrounding us in our everyday life, their qualities and properties (man, land, house)
Neutral w-ds are contrasted to stylistically coloured (formal and informal) w-ds, which are suitable in certain occasions in this or that style. Every stylistically coloured w-d presupposes a choice, that is styl-ly neutral w-d.
Ex. to talk, to speak (N) – to chat (fam.), to wag one’s tongue (familiar)
The stylisic char-cs of a w-d are determined by:
1. it’s stylistic colouring, resulting from its prevelent use in this or that style
2. additional expressive evaluatory and emotional features
3. some w-ds have a very strongly pronounced styl.colouring, others – less, and the majority of w-ds are neutral; but a neutral w-d doesn’t always present its neutrality (neifer – телка для животных). Styl-ly neutral w-ds may acquire styl.colouring in certain context
FORMAL: 1. general bookish (literary).
2. special bookish
W-ds, which have dictinct bookish ch-re, learned colouring are called literary or bookish w-ds. They are subdivided into general or common literary w-ds. General literary w-ds are mostly used in the written type of speech and sometimes in formal official talk (infant, to flin - to run, colamity – disaster, to pass the Rubicon, to avail oneself to the opportunity). When literary w-ds are used in direct, informal, they denote the deliberate wish of the speaker to show his culture and sometimes it produses a comical effect.
Special (narrow) literary w-ds may be grouped into:
terms
foreign w-ds or barbarisms
archaic w-ds
poetic w-ds
The specific features of terms (scientific style):
1. as a rule they are devoid of any emotional m-ng
2. they are monosemantic
3. they are styl-ly neutral
They can separately or in any scientific text have no scientific value, but transplated to lit-re, they acquire expressive value.
We can distinguish 2 cases in the use of terms:
1. when the use of terms doesn’t contradict the subject matter, when it fits the context. It’s the case with science-fiction novels/professional novels. By using terms the writer creates the realistic background, a true-to-life atmosphere of science/industrial life. Sometimes the term may stand for the title of the novel, reviewing the theme and the subject matter of it (A.Haily “Final Diagnisis”).
2. when the use of terms contradicts the context, the subject matter of the text. In this case the comical effect is created (Steven Leacock).
Barbarisms are more assimilated than foreign w-ds. FW→B→bookish w-d (chic[ſik] – barbarism = fationable; bon mot[bon mou]; serviette). The use of a B or a FW imbues (наполняет) the utterance with a new quality, which stands from the auther’s styl.purpose.
Functions:
1. to create the realistic atmosphere
2. to create the local colour, which may be external and internal. By external local colour we understand portraing the local scene, the local setting, background , the physical details. By internal local colour we understand the psycological, temporamental and moral char-cs of the people’s portrait.
FW and B depict the ch-re either as refind and cultured person, hint at his social state, education, or they may suggest the person’s pretands to be such. They also char-ze one as a representative of an alian nation.
3. Elivation. The unusual, strange for the native ear sounding of the foreign w-ds / barbarisms helps to make the utterance exalted. Geographical names create romantic assosiation.
4. Comical effect. Especially in the so-called macoronic poems. Foreign w-ds, often distorbed, are introduced into the text alongside native w-ds.
Archaic w-ds. Accord. to the stages in the aging process of w-ds we distinguish:
- absolesent w-ds, which are in the stage of gradual passing out, of general use (thou, thee);
- obsolete w-ds – are w-ds, which went out of use, but still are recognized the Speaking-English Community (nay = no)
- archaic proper – no longer recognizable w-ds, drop out of usage (a losal = a lazy fellow)
- historisms – w-ds, which denote events, institutions, which are no longer in use (muscet – мушкет)
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