The connection of S. with other branches of S. 1

Text and Text categories
Text – is a sequence of verbal signs united by some common m-ng, by com-ve aim. In semiotics, a text – is a m-ngful sequence of any science, a form of com-n (a dance, ballet, card plays, etc.). Text comes from Lat. “texo” – to weave (плести, ткать). Texture means weaving. This term contains a metaphor.
There’s no unity b/w linguists, whether it should be a unit of l-ge or a unit of speech. Some linguists consider it a unit of l-ge, pocessing a m-ngful com-ve integrity. Text may be regarded as medium of discourse. So, text unites both l-ge emitities and speech quaties. So, it’s a unit of both l-ge and speech.
The length of the text is immaterial for its definition. It may consist of one or several s-ces and it may full volumes.
Ex. Robert Frost “The Spam Of Life”:
The old dog bucks backword without getting up,
I can remember, when he was a pup
Haiku:
Knitting above all
Silence and warmth we produce
Brutal cold and noise.
Text categories is a feature peculiar to all texts, a typological quality of text. Any text presents a comb-n of cat-ries. Galperin names the following ones:

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  informativity
  
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  cohision
  
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  retrospection and prospection
  
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  modality
  
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  integrity and completeness
  

Informativity. Galperin distinguishes 3 types of information:
- factual (содерж-е фактуальной инф-ции). The accounts of facts, events, news (plot).
It is explicit, verbally expressed. Thel-ge means are used in their denotative m-ng.

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  conceptual – contains the author’s individual vision and the understanding of the
  

relations b/w the events and facts, presented by factual inf-n. Their causes and
consequences, their significance in the cultural economic life. This inf-n is implicit,
but transmitted by the whole str-re of the facts and allows dif. interpretations. In fact,
the author’s vision is expressed.

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  implicative/hidden inf-n (СЛИ) is gained from the surface str-re and presents associative and connotative m-ngs.
  

Text interpretation – is the revealing of implicative and conceptual inf-n, the discovery of the deep str-re under the surface str-re.
In case of disifering, implicative inf-n the reader’s perception of the text is two or more demential (impl-ve and conceptional inf-ns are revealed from the superlinear analysis).
Implicative inf-n is closely connected with modality. The drawback is that it is difficult to draw the line b/w implicative and conceptional inf-n. That’s why linguists speak of two types of information.
Arnold distinguishes:

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  logical inf-n, which she likenes (сравнивает) to the denotative m-ng of the w-d
  
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  additional inf-n, corresponding to the connotative m-ng of a w-d, which tells us about the situation, estetic values, etc.
  

Kuharenko speaks about two types of implication:
1)implicative inform-n):
a) priority inf-n (затекст)
b) implication (импликация одновременности)
The means to create priority implication;

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  the definite article “the”, when it occupies the initial situation in the text, continuating or resuming the text, creating the effect of beginning from the middle
  
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  the use of personal and demonstrative pronouns
  

Ex. It was raining that morning

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  the use of 3^rd personal pr-ns at the beginning – creation some kind of tension; the reader is to clear up, who is – she or he. So, the reader is plunged into the inform-n
  
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  adverbs: now
  

2) hidden m-ng. It’s created by distant repetition, contrast, the juxt opposition, incongress
(несоответствие) elements
Cohision (сцепление) – a special type of connection, which ensures the continuation of the text, the logical sequense of facts, events, actions.
Galperin speaks of two types of C.:
1) logical
2) associative
Logical C. is created by logical m-ng;

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