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Decoding Stylistics. The Means of Foregrounding.
DS unites and applies the concepts of linguistics literaty critisism, text theory, hermeneutics to text interpretation and focuses on the reader’s response of the text. The approach to text interpretation stands from the works of Scherba, Vinogradov, Bahtin, Larin.
The core of reader oriented DS is presented by the study of special types of contextual organization, knowing as foregrounding. The mechanism of forgr-ng was foreseen by the Russian formalists: Юр.Тынянов, Р.Якобсон, В.Шкловский.
Шкловский in his famous article “Art as Technique” («Иск-во как прием») wrote, that our life is char-zed by stabilization. It devours works, clothes, furniture and even one’s wife. In the whole, lives of many people go on unconsciously. Then such lives are as if they’ve never been. Art exists, that people may recover the sensation of life. It exists to make one feel things, “to make the stone stony”. Art must make objects unfamiliar, unusual, strange to achieve a fresh awareness of life.
Остранение – формалист. This concept was later defined as actualization or deautomatization by the Prague school linguists. Following the Cheque scholars, whom he translated, Paul Galperin wrote about foregrounding as opposed to automatization.
DS worked out dif. preveiples of foregrounding:
convergence
defeated expectancy effect (DEE)
intertextuality
contrast
strong position
coupling
Foregr-ng bring to the fore some m-ngs of the text and shifts others to the background, establishing the nierarchy of m-ngs. Foregr-ng forms the missing links b/w the whole text and its minor parts, sharpens the response of the reader to ideas, images, emotions, reflected in the work of arts.
DEE. Successful discourse presupposes the quick perception of m-ng, which is provided by predictability. The sem. and gram. str-res create a greate probability of this or that element. If the predictability pattern is interrupted, the unexpected element receives a special prominanse. The less predictable the unexpected element, the greater effect is created, the more inform-n is conveyed.
The deautomatization in the text perception is achieved as a result of some tension b/w the previous str-re and the unpredictable element (Ex. Familiarity brings contempt and children).
DEE is provided by increased expactancy: the regularity of the text creates a great degree of predictability. The DEE is very powerful.
Ex Dishes and proverbs are very predictable.
Teach in time saves nine
gathers no moss
a rolling stone
gathers no moss
DEE are deviations from the norm of dif. levels The more levels are involved, the stronger is the effect. It may be realized on a s-ce level, on a fragment or a whole text may be base on it.
Ex. Had I-but-knowner
On the lexical level the elements of law predictability are the author’s neologisms, jargonisms, vulgarisms in a serious nar-n, poetic w-ds – in the coll.style.
Morphological level
Ex. Было мрачно и темно,
Было страшно и окно.
Syntactical level is presented mostly by inversions (I.I.Comings).
Graphical/Phonetic level – DEE is presented by injumbment (перенос).
DEE may work in the development of the plot, when we have some unexpected terms.
Ex. “Green Door” by O’Henry
If the whole text is based on it, it allows to deepen our perception of it. After reading to the unexpected end, we revaluate it, see it anew. The c-ry of retrospection is realized.
Convergence (схождение) – is a pilling up the styl. devices to attract the reader’s attention to some important m-ng: styl. devices converge to produce one striking effect, to create an image, a motive or to fulfill some other functions.
Ex. Thoat she had none,
Waiste she had none,
Legs she had none,
Worth mentioning (Dickens)
C usually brings some important m-ngs. That’s why it may be considered a criterion of styl. importance, styl. relevance. Usually quatations contain C. C is connected with a notion of redundancy.
Another device, based on redundancy, is repetition. In lit-re texts it’s necessary and effective. R being redundant is necessary and useful as a result of getting not the sum of R m-ngs, but a new m-ng, a new quality.
Ex. I saw her with my own two eyes.
R may embrace all levels: from phrases to the whole text. As a means of foregr-ng, it brings out the most important m-ngs, makes it complete and conveys modality. R is emphasized for ch-re drowing.
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