Rücktritt
)
and one
unjustified enrichment remedy (
condictio indebiti
) are competing.
73
It is fairly obvious, after all, that the factors invalidating a contract must be
decisive also for its unwinding. The just unwinding of a contract depends on
contract law policy.
74
In principle, each party has to bear all risks pertaining to the
benefit received, because the beneficiary has control over the benefit in question. Of
course, there are exceptions to this principle, yet these are likewise based on
(typically more specific) contract law policy.
75
Thus, minors and other persons
without capacity to contract are protected against the risks of concluding a
contract,
76
and where the other side is responsible for the risk in question, it must
bear the resulting damage.
77
Here, such policies need not be discussed in more
detail.
78
It is more important to realise that the basic principle of unjustified
73
Here, the
Schuldrechtsreform
(reform of the German law of obligations, 2002) has intellectually
integrated the contractual remedies
Rücktritt
(repudiation of the contract),
Widerruf
(withdrawal) and
the former
Wandelung
(action for rescission because of a defect of the object of the contract).
74
Dawson
(fn 63) 431 f;
S Hedley
, Restitution: Its Division and Ordering (2001) 35 ff, 45 ff;
Carbonnier
(fn 24) [107];
König
(fn 57) 84;
C Coen
, Vertragsscheitern und Rückabwicklung. Eine
rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zum englischen und deutschen Recht, zum UN-Kaufrecht sowie
zu den Unidroit Principles und den Principles of European Contract Law (2003) 35 ff, 310 ff and
passim;
Schlechtriem
(fn 3) vol I, 748 f.
75
As a consequence, comparative studies of the law of unjustified enrichment are in this context
much more concerned with contract law principles than with the national rules on the
condictiones
;
cf
Schlechtriem
(fn 3) vol I, 546–747.
76
See Art 1312 French CC: „Lorsque les mineurs ou les majeurs en tutelle sont admis, en ces
qualités, à se faire restituer contre leurs engagements, le remboursement de ce qui aurait été, en
conséquence de ces engagements, payé pendant la minorité ou la tutelle des majeurs, ne peut en être
exigé, à moins qu‟il ne soit prouvé que ce qui a été payé a tourné à leur profit‟; Art 1425 Italian CC:
„Se il contratto è annullato per incapacità (1425) di uno dei contraenti, questi non è tenuto a restituire
all‟altro la prestazione ricevuta se non nei limiti in cui è stata rivolta a suo vantaggio ...‟ Similar
provisions can also be found in many other civil codes; cf Arts 1304, 1314 II Spanish CC. See also
BGH (4 May 1994)
1994
Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 2021 f: the claimant could
recover DM 75,000 which he had paid for a tanning salon despite being unable to return the studio;
Cass 1st civ (5 April 1978)
1978
Bull civ I, No 147: credit for FF 392,000. English law, however,
does not allow minors to unwind a contract if it has been fulfilled; see
Chaplin
v Leslie Frewin
(Publishers) Ltd
[1966] Law Reports, Chancery Division (Ch) 71.
77
See Art 1647 (1) French CC: „Si la chose qui avait des vices a péri par suite de sa mauvaise
qualité, la perte est pour le vendeur, qui sera tenu envers l‟acheteur à la restitution du prix et aux
autres dédommagements expliqués dans les deux articles précédents‟; comparable rules can be
found, eg, in Art 82 (2) (a) CISG, § 346 (3) no 2 BGB, Arts 1492 (3), 1493 (2) Italian CC or
Art 1487 Spanish CC; cf Note 6 to Art 9:309 PECL. In Germany, the rule is applied also in the
context of the
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