Cours,
301.5.2108.
18. Roy Harris,
Reading Saussure: A C ritical Commentary on the “Cours de
iistiquegénérale” (Lonàon-.
Duckworth, 1987), 133.
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C O N C E P T S
cussion o f absolute and relative arbitrariness as a concession to the obvious
fact that some lexical items are motivated with respect to others but not as
a point having much bearing on the nature o f the linguistic system itself,
since these other signs to which the relatively motivated ones are related
are themselves arbitrary signs.
The crucial point can be stated simply: for Saussure the sign is in its
foundations arbitrary but the linguistic system is a system o f motivation,
and the two principles are interdependent. It is because the relarion be
tween signifier and signified is unmotivated that la langue becomes a sys
tem o f motivation.
In the notes Saussure makes it clear that he does not subscribe to the
principle, suggested by the comments on onomatopoeia analyzed by Der
rida, that the origin o f a sign determines its nature: in the development
o f French out o f Latin, the Latin inimicus is motivated {in + amicus) but
the French ennemi, which evolved from it, “does not refer to other signs
[ne fait appel à rien]. It has gone back to the absolute arbitrariness that is
in any case the elementary condition o f linguistic signs.” ^“ Derrida would
say, rightly, that arbitrariness cannot be called absolute if it emerges out
of motivation and is always open to remotivation, but Saussure’s “absolu”
is to be interpreted differentially as contrasting with “relatif” : arbitrari
ness is the fundamental condition o f signs, and in the synchronic state o f
a language, some will be completely (absolutely) arbitrary (unmotivated),
whereas some will be relatively motivated, though cases o f motivation will
change with the evolution of the language. “The whole process o f evolu
tion o f a language can be represented as a fluctuation [va-et-vient] between
19. Jonathan Culler,
Ferdinand de Saussure,
rev. ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 1986), 30. Françoise Gadet is the exception among commenta
tors. She introduces the concept of relative arbitrariness in her initial discussion
o f the arbitrary nature of the sign as a sense of arbitrariness that “suggests the pre
conditions for the establishment of a distinctly linguistic terrain; the whole Sau-
ssurian enterprise is geared to constructing this terrain through the definition of
the relations between signs” (Françoise Gadet,
Saussure and Contemporary Culture,
trans. Gregory Elliott [London: Hutchinson, 1989], 37). See also Akatane Suen-
ga, “Des deux arbitraires, absolu et relatif, à un arbitraire primaire—le fait lin
guistique et le devenir du signe chez Saussure,”
Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure
52
(t999): 189-200.
20. Saussure,
Troisième cours,
88.
The Sign: Saussure and Derrida on Arbitrariness
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128
C O N C E P T S
the respective proportions o f the entirely unmotivated and the relatively
m o t i v a t e d .''^ a t is entirely unmotivated at one point can become rela
tively motivated at another.
Saussure broaches the topic o f absolute and relative arbitrariness not
just with examples o f lexical motivation but with diverse grammatical and
morphological examples, from verb tenses to plurals: “The English plu
ral ships suggests through its formation the whole series flags, birds, books,
etc., while men and sheep suggest nothing” (F 191; E 132). Constantins
notes conclude that in treating the linguistic system as ''une limitation de
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