elements o f a linguistics system,” when it will have been purified, stripped
o f all those qualities, o f those attributions, o f that evolution?].
possibility o f distinguishing the system from fortuitous effects. “The ex
amples are chosen too poorly or too well.” There is no empirical rigor to
to certain ears”— and on the other hand, the mimetic effect seems gen
erated above all by and in the figurative discourse o f exemplification: the
was wrong here, though he stresses that he is reading the influential pub
not exploring Saussure’s thought.
was constructed, you discover that these examples were invented by the
editors, who, I imagine, were pleased at their own resourcefulness: whips
In connection with this there is the question of onomatopoeias (words of which
the sound has something that evokes the actual concept they are called on to rep
resent). Here the choice, it is said, would not be arbitrary. Here there would in
deed be an internal connection. In general people greatly exaggerate the number
of onomatopoeias. It is sometimes said for example t h a t r e p r e s e n t s the sound
of the rain, but if you go a little way further back, it becomes clear that this is not
Roy Harris (Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1993), 77. The standard source o f the stu-
124
C O N C E P T S
The other student notes that report on this subject have the same exam
ple. None mention fouet or glas, none talk about fortuitous results o f pho
netic evolution, and none speak o f “authentic onomatopoeias.” Saussure s
point is that he does not deny the existence o f onomatopoeias: “But it is
evident,” say the notes, “that there are some o f these: tick-tock, glub-glub,
but so subsumed in the mass that they pass into the regime o f ordinary
words.” '^ The editors, trying to render emphatic what they take to be Sau-
ssure’s point— that the motivations o f onomatopoeias do not alter the fun
damental nature o f the sign— created a text that tries too hard to protect
the essential arbitrariness o f the sign, in effect dismissing onomatopoeia
from the linguistic system. In so doing the editors introduced examples
and formulations that trip over themselves and, as Derrida shows, under
mine the points they seem to have been designed to make.
Derrida asks whether, on the contrary, the examples o f motivation
and demotivation provided by the making and unmaking o f onomatopoe
ias should not lead one to think differently about the linguistic system and
the frame it seems to impose, where some things are said to be inside and
others outside. Don’t effects o f motivation and naturalization operate in
ways that disrupt the distinction between what is internal to the linguis
tic system and what is external to it? What if the play o f remotivation and
resemblance
faisait que le système interne de la langue n’existe pas ou que l’on ne s’en serve ja
mais ou que du moins l’on ne s’en serve qu’en le contaminant et que cette con
tamination soit inévitable, donc régulière et “normale,” fasse partie du système et
de son fonctionnement, en fasse partie, c’est-à-dire aussi bien fasse de lui, qui est
le tout, une partie d’un tout plus grand que lui.
dents’ notes from which the editors constructed the text of the Course is Engler’s
crirical edition: Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale, ed. Rudolf Engler (Wies
baden: Harrassowitz, 1967). I will provide references to this edition in the form
“Engler x.y.z,” where x = page number, y = column, and л = segment number.
Constantin’s notes are generally in column 5. The passage quoted here is Engler
156.5.1147-50. Translations o f Engler are my own.
It is easier, however, to follow Constantin’s notes in Saussure, Troisième
cours, ed. Eisuke Komatsu, which prints them in order and also contains an Eng
lish translation. For Constantin’s notes, thus, I use this edition, cited as Troisième
cours.
13. Engler,
Cours,
156.2.1152-56.
The Sign:
and Derrida on Arbitrariness
125
And what if
mimesis so arranged it that language’s internal system did not exist, or
that it is never used, or at least that it is used only by contaminating it, and that
this contamination is inevitable, hence regular and “normal,” makes up a part of
it, that is, also, makes o f it, which is the whole, a part of a whole that is greater
than it.*'*
This deconstruction o f the act o f positing a system based on the exclusion
o f motivation from the mechanisms o f language inaugurates the kind o f
pursuit o f signs that Derrida conducts in Glas, where every kind o f “mime
sis without imitation”— association, agglutination, graft, “contiguïté glu
ante,” and above all the transformation o f word into proper name or into
signature— is adduced and explored as a textual mechanism. In this way
Glas points toward a linguistics that is not a linguistics of the sign: “Les
glas, tels que nous les aurons entendus, sonnent la fin de la signification,
du sens et du signifiant” [The glas’s, such as we shall have heard them, toll
the end o f signification, o f sense and o f the signifier]
This is a linguistics
o f motivation that cannot be pinned down in signs.
But surprisingly, if we go back to the notes from which the Course in
General Linguistics was composed, aided by Derrida’s critique o f the posi
tion developed in the published text o f the Course, we find a line o f argu
ment that is not at all foreign to Derridas explorations. In his third course
o f lectures, according to the students’ notes, Saussure moved expeditiously
from his account o f the arbitrariness o f the sign (in “Nature o f the Lin
guistic Sign”) to another chapter entided “Absolute and Relative Arbitrari
ness in the Linguistic System.’’^'" This is a chapter that has been neglected
by readers o f Saussure because in the published Course it is moved out o f
Part
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