donc dire que les signes entièrement arbitraires réalisent mieux que les autres
l’idéal du procédé sémiologique; c’est pourquoi la langue, le plus complexe et le
plus répandu des systèmes d’expression, est aussi le plus caractéristique de tous; en
said, that are wholly arbitrary realize better than the others the ideal of the semio
logical process; that is why language, the most complex and universal o f all sys-
5. Ibid., 212.
122
C O N C E P T S
tems of expression, is also tlie most cliaracteristic; in this sense linguistics can be
come the general patron^ for all branches of semiology, although language is only
one particular semiological system”). I have underlined although, the violent insti
tution of the patronate.®
Derrida notes Saussure’s dubious claim to know what are “authentic” ono
matopoeia, which would require, in violation o f the principle o f the prior
ity o f synchronic analysis, identifying an origin that would determine the
essence o f a sign. Moreover, the claim that onomatopoeias are not “organ
ic elements o f a linguistic system” uses, in quasi-tautological fashion, the
definition o f the linguistic sign as arbitrary to distinguish elements that
truly belong to the system from those that do not. But since we see, on the
one hand, that so-called ordinary words can become onomatopoeic and,
on the other hand, that onomatopoeias can become ordinary words, the
distinction between what belongs to the system and what does not breaks
down. And, Derrida continues, since what Saussure calls these signs be
ing caught up in the system, “ ‘l’entraînement’ a toujours déjà commencé,
qu’il n’est ni un accident ni un dehors du système, les juges, les soi-disant
détenteurs des critères systématiques, ne savent plus ce qui appartient à
quoi et à qui” [since the process o f being “drawn” has always already be
gun, which is neither an accident nor something outside the system, the
judges, the self-proclaimed keepers o f systematic criteria, no longer know
what belongs to what and to whom]
But Saussure appears to claim to know, and instead o f taking an in
terest in what
Glas
calls “the
contaminated
effects o f onomatopoeia or of
arbitrariness,” he seems determined to preserve at all costs the thesis of
the essentially arbitrary nature o f the sign, a pure and essential arbitrari
ness whose fortuitous contamination is set aside as insignificant, though in
fact, as Derrida argues, the possibility o f contamination shows that the ar
bitrary was not pure to begin with. But could the elimination o f contami
nation ever succeed? “Que restera-t-il du système interne de la langue, des
‘éléments organiques d’un système linguistique’ , quand on l’aura purifié,
dépouillé de toutes ses qualités, de ces attributions, de cette évolution?”
7. Le patron means both boss and model.
8. Jacques Derrida, Glas (Paris: Galilée, 1974), 105; Jacques Derrida, Glas,
trans. John Leavey and Richard Rand (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
1986), 90.
9. Ibid., 107; English 93.
[What will remain
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