Linguistics, after the chapters on linguistic units, linguisdc identity, syn-
tagmatic and paradigmatic relations, and the crucial chapter on linguis
arbitrariness thus appears as an afterthought, not even a separate chapter
where it is explicitly designated as “another angle” : “le mécanisme de la
langue peut être présenté sous un autre angle.” “The fundamental prin
15. Ibid., 39; English 31.
\п empêche pas de distinguer] what in each language is radically arbitrary,
that is to say unmotivated, from what is only relatively arbitrary” (F i8o;
E 131, my italics). This distinction is one that the fundamental nature of
the sign does not prevent one from making but that, implicitly, is not ger
mane to the basic nature o f the system. In the course notes, however, it is
presented as fundamental in the logical development o f the argument that
leads us from the principle that the relation between signifier and signified
is “radicalement arbitraire”— that is to say arbitrary in its root— to the no
tion o f value (based on difference) and to the description o f the linguis
tic system, which, surprisingly, is based on motivation. “Everything that
makes a language a system or an organism needs to be approached from
this point o f view, which is not done in general: as a limitation o f arbitrari
ness [comme une
limitation de l ’arbitraire] in relation to the idea.” ’^ Far
from being an option that one is merely not prevented from pursuing, this
line o f thought is presented in the notes as required by the nature of the
linguistic system, despite the fact that it has been generally neglected. (It
continues to be so neglected.)
A version o f this key sentence appears in the published Course, but
since it does not come until after the discussions of syntagmatic and as
sociative relations and linguistic value, it has seemed ancillary, especially
since the editors immediately offer a gloss: “ But the mind contrives to in
troduce a principle of order and regularity into certain parts o f the mass
of signs, and this is the role o f relative motivation” (F 182; E 133). The edi
tors thus make it very plausible to treat motivation as a minor principle
at work in certain portions o f the system— perhaps portions o f the lexi
con {dix “ten” is arbitrary; dix-neuf"m .nctttn is motivated)— rather than
what Saussure declares it to be; the perspective from which everything that
makes a language a system must be approached. And commentators have
followed the editors’ lead in downgrading this perspective. Roy Harris,
more outspoken than most, maintains that the distinction between abso
lute and relative arbitrariness “ is a fudge, which serves the primary purpose
o f maintaining the ‘first principle’ [of the arbitrariness o f the sign] at all
costs.” ^'* I confess that I, too, in my own book on Saussure, take the dis-
17. Ibid., 87, Constantins italics; Engler,
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: