family” comes from a contemporary complaint (by Alfred Nettement) that jour
nalism had created “an invisible man seated in the home, between husband and
wife, who returns every morning with the newspaper, seizes hold of the thoughts
145). Even more frequently, though, the ideas disturbing young women were at
tributed to novels.
54
T H E O R Y
The Novel and the Nation
5 5
'
citéûiax they had not enjoyed before.” “The reading o f best-sellers
and the daily consumption o f newspapers by the middle class and workers
alike amounted to identical rituals o f ‘imagining’ a national community,
however internally differentiated or divided it may be.” '^ This is especially
true o f serial novels, such as Eugene Sue’s Les mystères de Paris o f 1842—43
and Le J u if errant of 1844, which were initially consumed in newspapers.
(The latter helped raise the circulation o f Le Constitutionnel to twenty-five
thousand readers.)
But as we start to think about audiences for novels and newspapers,
and especially about empirical examples in which the media are conjoined,
such as serialized novels, it is easy to miss what is most striking and origi
nal about Anderson’s claim: that is, “the 'çtoiowa.èifictiveness o f the newspa
per,” insofar as it depends on the literary convention o f novelistic time, o f
an imagined world where characters go about their business independently
o f one another. The newspaper represents what is happening in different
arenas, and when, say, events in Mali disappear from its pages, “the nov
elistic format o f the newspaper assures [readers] that somewhere out there
the character ‘Mali’ moves along quietly, awaiting his next appearance in
the plot” {
1
C, 33). Newspapers may be thought o f as “one-day best-sellers.”
Through them and novels, joined by the formal structure o f a way o f rep
resenting the space-time o f a community, “fiction seeps quietly and con
tinuously into reality, creating that remarkable confidence o f community
in anonymity which is the hallmark o f modern nations” {
1
C, 35-36).
What is not clear, once we try to take this claim further, beyond the
formal analogy between the space-time presumed by novels and newspa
pers to the idea o f a national community imagined by readers o f novels, as
by readers o f newspapers, is how far novels or newspapers do indeed lead
to imagining a national community o f readers. Few newspapers in the pe
riod o f nation building are sufficiently dominant to serve by themselves
as a national voice or to constitute their readers as a national communi
ty, and few are genuinely national in their readership. What o f provincial
newspapers? In nineteenth-century France, for instance, none o f the many
Parisian papers was dominant. Do readers o f La Presse imagine a national
15. Ibid., 140,139.
16. Peter McPhee, A Social History o f France, 1/80-1880 (London: Rout-
ledge, 1992), 127.
community composed o f readers o f this journal or o f all journals?'^ What
is the evidence that readers o f a Parisian newspaper imagine a French com
munity o f readers performing together the daily ritual? None of this mat
ters if the argument depends on the fact that the community o f readers of
a novel or newspaper is the model for the imagined community o f a nation
or if the readers o f one newspaper are imagining a community that can
be equated with the communities imagined by readers o f the other, but it
does matter if the national community is supposed to be that imagined by
those simultaneously reading a given newspaper.
But, while it is easy to imagine (though hard to demonstrate) that
readers o f newspapers are brought together as a community (whether re
gional or national) by the shared daily ritual o f reading the same text at the
same time, what about readers o f novels? For novel readers the notion o f
a community o f readers who together are consuming the best-seller o f the
day is accompanied by another possibility: the potential community o f all
those addressed by the novel, wherever and whenever they should pick it
up. Since newspapers are read on the day o f publication and thrown away,
whereas novels are characteristically readable at any time, not tied, as news
papers are, to a particular time and place o f origination, we cannot assume
that they generate the same kind o f community o f readers, created in the
ritual o f reading.
We should, therefore, ask about the audience o f novels. This is not
only a question o f who actually reads them but o f whom they address; in
deed, we need to distinguish their address— the readerly role they con
struct— and their actual audiences. Novels (and o f course not only novels)
construct a role for readers by positing a reader who knows some things
but not everything, needs to have some things explained but not others.
But let us look at Anderson’s first example o f the nation-imagining novel,
José Rizal’s N oli me tangere. Here is the beginning:
A fines de octubre, don Santiago de los Santos, conocido popularmente bajo
el nombre de Capitàn Tiago, daba una cena, que, sin embargo de haberlo anuncia-
do aquelia tarde tan solo, contra su costumbre, era ya el tema de todas las conversa-
ciones en Binondo, en otros arrabales y hasta en Intramuros. Capitan Tiago pasaba
17.
For discussion see ibid.; and Claude Bellanger, Jacques Godechot,
Pierre Guiral, and Fernand Terrou, eds.. Histoire générale de la presse française (Par
is: Presses universitaires de France, 1969).
5
б
T H E O R Y
entonces рог el hombre mas ramboso у sabi'ase que su casa, сото su pais, no cer-
raba las puertas a nadie, сото no sea al comercio о a toda idea nueva о atrevia.
С о т о una sacudida eléctrica corriô la noticia en el mundo de los parasitos,
moscas, о colados, que Dios crio en su infinita bondad, y tan carinosamente mul-
tiplica en Manila. . . .
Dâbase esta cena en una casa de la calle de Anloague, y, ya que no recorda-
mos su numéro, la describiremos de maniera que se la reconozca aün, si esque los
temblores no la han arruinado.'®
Towards the end of October, Don Santiago de los Santos, popularly known
as Capitan Tiago, was giving a dinner party. Although, contrary to his usual prac
tice, he had announced it only that afternoon, it was already the subject of every
conversation in Binondo, in other quarters of the city, and even in Intramuros. In
those days Capitan Tiago had the reputation o f a lavish host. It was known that
his house, like his country, closed its doors to nothing, except to commerce and
to any new or daring idea.
So the news coursed like an electric shock through the community of para
sites, spongers, and gatecrashers whom God, in His infinite goodness, created and
so tenderly multiplies in Manila. . . .
The dinner was being given at a house on Anloague Street. Since we do not
recall the street number, we shall describe it in such a way that it may still be rec
ognized— that is, if earthquakes have not yet destroyed it. {IC, 26-27)'®
Anderson comments;
[T]he image (wholly new to Filipino writing) of a dinner-party being discussed
by hundreds of unnamed people, who do not know each other, in quite different
parts of Manila, . . . immediately conjures up the imagined community. And in
the phrase “a house on Anloague Street” which “we shall describe in such a way
that it may still be recognized,” the would-be recognizers are we-Filipino-readers.
The casual progression o f this house from the “interior” time of the novel to the
“exterior” time of the [Manila] reader’s everyday life gives a hypnotic confirmation
of the solidity of a single community, embracing characters, author and readers,
moving onward through calendrical time. {IC, 27)
18. José Rizal, Noli me tangere (1887; repr., Madrid; Ediciones de Cultural
Hispanica, 1992), 49-50.
19. Since Anderson convincingly analyzes the inadequacies of the English
translation, I quote the English from Anderson’s version, where he provides it. I
have also consulted the excellent French translation; José Rizal, N ’y touchez pas!
trans. Jovita Ventura Castro (Paris; Gallimard, 1980).
A community within the novel is evoked, and it is subtly extended to the
community o f those addressed, who might still recognize the house. But
the fact that Anderson puts “Manila” in brackets— “the [Manila] reader”—
indicates that there is a difficulty here. One cannot simply say that the
community addressed is the residents o f M anila in Rizal’s day, nor its resi
dents since Rizal’s day, nor simply “we-Filipino-readers.” Even the Western
er reading this in translation is drawn in by the narrative address, which as
sures him or her that if one were there, one could recognize the house, that
there is a continuity between the world o f the novel and the reader’s own.
Indeed, the parenthetical stipulation “i f earthquakes have not yet destroyed
it,” evoking a time extending beyond the moment o f narration (as well as
an ironic take on the consequence of the islands’ geology), posits a future
audience o f those who might arrive on the scene. Although the novel is re
plete with place-names from M anila (Binondo, Intramuros), presented as if
they needed no explanation and thus presuming a reader who knows M a
nila, this is a technique by which realistic fiction posits the reality and inde
pendence o f the world it describes— asserts by presupposing.
In fact, the mode o f address o f N o li me tangere often suggests that the
reader is not a Manileno but someone who needs to be told how things
are done there— a stranger, even. The house on Anloague Street, we are
told, “ [e]s un edificio bastante grande, al estilo de muchos del pais, situado
hacia la parte que da a un brazo des Pasig, llamado per algunos n'a de Bi
nondo, y que desempena, с о т о todos los rfos de Manila, el mültiple papel
de bano, alcantarilla, lavadero, pesquen'a, medio de transporte y comuni-
cacion y hasta fuente de aqua potabile, si lo tiene por conveniente el chino
aguador”^® [is a sizable building in the style o f many houses o f the country,
situated in a spot that gave onto an arm o f the Pasig, which some call the
river o f Binondo, and which, like all the rivers in Manila, plays the m ul
tiple role o f bath, sewer, washing place, fishing spot, means o f transport,
and even source o f drinking water, if the seller o f Chinese water finds it
convenient].
T h e explanations “like all the rivers in Manila” and “ in the style o f
many buildings o f the country” have a quasi-anthropological air, as if tell
ing others about a land not theirs. A nd there are many similar passages in
the novel: “we will immediately find ourselves in a large room, called cai-
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