donesia) is that “the national imagination” fiases the world inside the novel
ticular colony. The plurals o f shops, offices, and prisons “conjure up a social
this is not an analogue o f the nation but a representation o f its social space.
ticular nation in order to contribute to the imagining o f the nation.
of his views seem misdirected. An instance is David Lloyd’s claim that
the absence o f consensus about the meaning o f Irish history makes the
Irish novel an instrument o f imposition rather than a vehicle for imagin
ing a nation. Anderson’s emphasis on the anti-imperial thrust o f the nov
el, Lloyd writes, “precludes his acknowledging that the dialogism o f the
novel is not confined to its production o f an anti-imperial national cul
ture but also involves, as the Irish example makes evident, the subordina
50
T H E O R Y
The Novel and the Nation
51
tion o f alternative narratives w^ithin a multi-voiced national culture. For
the novel not only gives voice to formerly voiceless national elites, but also
disenfranchises other possible voices.” Lloyd continues: “Like Bakhtin,
Anderson omits the crucial regulative function o f the novel that puts in
place a developmental narrative through which the nation apes empire
and through which it orders internally a certain hierarchy o f belonging, o f
identity within the nation. Far from being simply an intrinsically benign
and democratic form, the novel enacts the violence that underlies the con
stitution o f identity, diffusing it in the eliciting o f identification.
One might reply that Anderson’s chapter in Imagined Communities
on what he calls “official nationalism” provides ample acknowledgment o f
the ways in which “nation apes empire” and that in “Census, Map, Muse
um” (a chapter o f the second edition) Anderson writes shrewdly about the
ways in which minorities are constructed as minorities— more by means
o f such things as the census than by novels. But, above all, Anderson’s ac
count does not treat the novel as “an intrinsically benign and democratic
form.” The novel offers a particular formal structure, involving what can
be called “the space o f a community,” embracing what an individual can
not in fact perceive, but by no means is this intrinsically benign or demo
cratic. Timothy Brennan, in an article that appeals to Anderson’s author
ity, extends Anderson’s formal argument by suggesting, “It was the novel
that historically accompanied the rise o f nations by objectifying the ‘one,
yet many o f national life, and by mimicking the structure o f the nation, a
clearly bordered jumble o f languages and styles.”'’ That is, the novel’s for
mal encompassing of different kinds o f speech or discourse enacts the pos
sibility o f a community larger than any one individual can know; “objecti
fying the nation’s composite nature: a hotch potch o f the ostensible separate
‘levels o f style’ corresponding to class. This is relevant to Anderson’s anal
ysis o f Vargas Llosa discussed below.
5. David Lloyd, Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Move
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