Postmodern and the Rule o f Literature, which argues, in a mode o f critique
and complaint, I should make clear, that literature, far from being ignored
or relegated to the margins in the university, as conservative critics claim,
has conquered: in the academy literature rules, even though that rule is
disguised as something else. Simpson seeks to show that a range o f schol
ars and disciplines have been willing to accept, for the description o f the
world, terms that come from the realm o f literary studies. He surveys vari
ous dimensions o f this phenomenon: the return o f storytelling to central
ity in history (Simpson speaks o f the “epidemic o f story-telling”), which
had thought itself rid o f that sort o f humanistic, literary issue; the general
recourse to anecdote or autobiography, the celebration o f “thick descrip
tion” and “local knowledge,” and the use o f the figure o f “conversation”
in the fields o f history, philosophy, feminism, anthropology. Such is the
transformation o f the humanities that knowledge now takes literary forms.
The calls for concreteness and historical specificity are, Simpson explains,
not part o f a renewed empiricism but versions o f an appeal to the values o f
literary singularity, to that presence o f the general in the particular that dis
tinguishes literary discourse. Clifford Geertz’s local knowledge, for instance,
brings not empirical mastery but the incompleteness and instability of all
knowledge claims and the appeal, instead, to vividness o f realization as the
substitute for claims to mastery. The literary reigns.
But “how,” Simpson asks, “can I make this claim at a time when
some o f the most astute commentators on our contemporary condition”—
he cites Fredric Jameson and John Guillory— “are describing a move away
from the literary as most urgently definitive o f the postmodern condi-
tion?”^^ (Jameson says that the replacement o f literature by video is the
signature o f the postmodern condition, and John Guillory describes the
flight o f cultural capital from literature as the most characteristic element
in the evolving state o f the humanities.) Since these thinkers are Simp
son’s friends and co-religionists, he answers, politely, that “culture is not
a monolith” (they are looking at different phenomena in the panoply o f
culture); but fundamentally he thinks that he is right and they are wrong.
Literature may have lost its centrality as a specific object of study, but its
modes have conquered: in the humanities and the humanistic social sci
ences everything is literary. Indeed, if literature is, as we used to say, that
mode o f discourse which knows its own fictionality, then, insofar as the
effect o f theory has been to inform disciplines o f both the fictionality and
the performative efficacy o f their constructions, there seems a good deal to
be said in favor o f Simpson’s account o f the situation o f disciplines. Insofar
as disciplinary discourses have come to engage with the problem o f their
positionality, their situatedness, and the constructedness o f their schemes,
they participate in the literary.
I f the literary has triumphed, as Simpson claims (and for him the
postmodern is the name o f the triumph o f the literary), then perhaps it
is time to reground the literary in literature: to go back to actual literary
21.
David Simpson, The Academic Postmodern and the Rule o f Literature: A
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