4
The Psychology of Mathematics Education
Russian (Soviet) psychologists have devoted much attention to prob-
lems connected with mathematics education. Of the studies that
have appeared in recent years, the first that must be mentioned is
Yakimanskaya’s (2004) manual, which sums up many years of research
by the author and her students — above all, research pertaining to
spatial reasoning. No detailed analysis of this and other psychological
studies can be undertaken here — we have already noted that all of the
texts discussed in this chapter are “officially” considered pedagogical,
not psychological. In this section, we will discuss relatively few works,
although psychological studies are used and cited in virtually all studies
in mathematics education as well. Nonetheless, we have set apart this
section to discuss works whose central aim is to study psychological
characteristics.
The psychological foundation of practically all contemporary stud-
ies (at least, according to what their authors themselves state) is
Vygotsky’s conception of the developmental function of education.
Stefanova et al. (2009) point out that the “contemporary education
system is oriented to a greater extent around the developmental aspect
of education than around its informational aspect” (p. 67). However,
the question of what developmental education in mathematics com-
prises, both in general theoretic and in practical terms, continues to be
discussed from various angles.
Ganeev (1997) defines it as follows: “… education whose purpose
and outcome lie in the formation of new mental structures in the
students, which allow them fully to assimilate knowledge” (p. 15).
The version of developmental education which he describes is a system
based on what he calls the “informational–developmental method”;
this system includes a whole range of measures, including measures
aimed at “increasing the informational–cognitive load of the problem-
solving process” (p. 13) and so on. Consequently, he identifies a
set of conditions under which education can be successful. His basic
assumption is that students must take part in the process of posing
cognitive problems and reflecting on cognitive-learning activities.
His theoretical constructions are supplemented with programmatic–
methodological recommendations, whose practical value is buttressed
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
by experimental data. These data, as Ganeev writes, have demonstrated
a noticeable improvement in students’ performance in experimental
classes in ordinary school mathematics subjects (particularly geometry,
which, as he explains it, is a subject less grounded in algorithms and
more creative than algebra), as well as in the solving of problems on tests
aimed at determining the level of students’ intellectual development.
The work of Reznik (1997) also pertains to a certain extent to
research on developmental education, but what is investigated here
is a specific aspect of it: the role and development of visual thinking
(as she calls it). Following the well-known Russian psychologist
Zinchenko, Reznik defines visual thinking as follows: “… an activity
whose product consists in the emergence of new images, the formation
of new visual forms, which carry a certain conceptual weight and
render meaning visible” (p. 10). Another important concept for her
is visual translation, i.e. the deciphering of incoming data through
the process of visual perception with the help of a reserve of familiar
forms or terminological denominations. Further, she discusses how
a visual educational environment (i.e. conditions in which visual
thinking is actively employed) can be organized and put to use in
mathematics education. In this context, she proposes special formats
for working with visual materials (informational schemas, informational
notebooks). She also discusses methodological questions, including
questions concerning the visual search for the solution to mathematical
problems (i.e. questions concerning the process of emerging new visual
forms). The concluding chapter of the study is devoted to a description
of experimental work carried out in accordance with the researcher’s
theoretical position.
Tsukar’ (1999) investigates a related topic — thinking with images
[“thinking whose main function is operating with images” (p. 10), as
the researcher explains]. After demonstrating the importance of such
thinking in theory, the author presents a large number of techniques
and methods for developing such thinking (he even describes a special
device for constructing problems). In conclusion, as in the Reznik study
described above, he presents data on pedagogical experimental work.
Pardala (1993), in a study written even earlier and based on Polish
material, investigates the problem of “mathematical seeing” (p. 6)
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