5
Selective Forms of Working with Students
In large cities, various venues for extracurricular work with students
appear, which bring together students not only from one school but
from many schools (or, even if in some cases such venues are based
in a single school, this is a specialized school with an advanced course
in mathematics, which in turns selects children from the whole city).
This section addresses the work that takes place at such venues. We
will say at once, however, that our description will be relatively brief;
more detailed information about many of the issues raised below may
be found in Fomin et al. (1998), already mentioned above.
The word “selection” itself requires clarification. Even when we
describe a mathematics circle that is highly selective, we should not
necessarily assume that students must pass some exam to join the
circle. Mathematics circles are formed in various ways: sometimes,
indeed, by means of special invitations from the instructor, which
are in turn based on the results of an Olympiad — only the winners
are invited; but sometimes mathematics circles, when they are being
formed, are open to all interested students. It is another matter that
usually a process of natural selection occurs, as it were, when some
of the students stop attending the sessions of the circle because they
become interested in something else (and it must be borne in mind that
once a group of mathematics circle attendees takes shape, it endures
for several years — ideally until the students graduate from school).
Other students sometimes discover that they are unable to handle
the workload; there may even arise situations in which the instructor
virtually expels a student from the class for some reason.
In general, it must be said that the situation in a mathematics circle
depends to a very great degree on the instructor. For this reason,
we must say a few words about where such instructors come from.
There are no special programs that prepare teachers for mathematics
circles, although proposals to create such programs have already been
made in the professional community. Initially, even before World War
II, citywide mathematics circles were created by professors, graduate
students, and undergraduate university students. David Shkliarskii, a
talented young mathematician who perished during the war, was an
outstanding, although in some respects typical, representative of these
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early years of mathematics circles. It was Shkliarskii who transformed
the structure of Moscow’s mathematics circles, replacing the previously
prevalent practice of students delivering reports with the systematic
solving of difficult problems (Boltyansky and Yaglom, 1965). The
new system was largely invented by him, and the problems for the
mathematics circles were created and selected by him along with
other young (or even not-so-young) mathematicians (who, naturally,
were well aware of the relevant work that had been done before
them in the field of mathematics education). Gradually, however, new
generations grew up, consisting of individuals who had themselves
been raised within the framework of the system of mathematics circles.
Indeed, a kind of systematic mathematics-circle education developed,
an education that was quite narrowly specialized, so that former
participants in mathematics circles were sometimes accused of being
clannish and cut off from broader interests — not just in their
lives, but even within mathematics itself. At the same time, because
many individuals who had gone through mathematics circles were
also winners of highly prestigious Olympiads, participation in a circle
became a prestigious matter — and being the teacher of a circle even
more so.
Again, at a certain stage, instruction for mathematics circles was
supported by the state, even if not financially. For young university stu-
dents and graduate students, so-called “public service” was considered
indispensable. Being the instructor of a mathematics circle was seen as
a form of public service. Subsequently, with the collapse of the USSR
and the disappearance, for example, of the Komsomol organization,
the situation changed but the tradition remained intact. If one looks
at the list of authors who wrote the problems for an Olympiad, it is
usually not hard to notice that practically all of them had themselves
been winners of prior Olympiads. The same individuals usually become
instructors in mathematics circles.
Here, an additional clarification is again necessary. The number of
Olympiad winners is not that great, and yet hardly all of them go
on to become involved with mathematics circles and Olympiads (and
certainly not all of them remain involved with them three or four years
after graduating from high school). For example, in St. Petersburg,
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where the citywide Olympiad is oral and thus must be conducted by
highly qualified examiners, special efforts have often been required to
gather a sufficient number of such individuals (indeed, with several
hundred students to deal with, the number of such examiners must be
high in any event). Without a doubt, however, simply being included in
the prestigious club of people involved with the work of mathematics
circles becomes an incentive in itself. Consequently, a considerable
number of students from universities or pedagogical institutes strive
to become involved in such work, even if their own experience with
mathematics circles and Olympiads is relatively limited. Mathematics
circles are usually run by instructors together with assistants. Starting
out as assistants, even individuals who are initially less experienced get
a chance to acquire experience gradually, and sometimes they become
instructors themselves, subsequently remaining involved in such work
for many years.
The distinctive features of the organization and staffing of the
selective forms of working with students, which we have just described,
often shed important light on the advantages and disadvantages of the
system that has taken shape. We should add that although in recent
decades special grants to support extracurricular work have started to
appear, such work remains in many respects uncompensated and based
on the instructors’ enthusiasm and desire for prestige or self-fulfillment.
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