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exams when applying to a given college, while students from a different
school, which did not have such an agreement with that college, would
not have the exact same graduation exam counted as an entrance
exam for the exact same college, even if their scores on the exam
were in fact higher. Perhaps a system of broader collective agreements,
encompassing many colleges and all (or at least very many) schools,
might have evolved over time, and Russia would have come to its own
version of an exam that combines graduation and entrance exams, just
as many countries in Western Europe have come to different versions
of such an exam in the past. But the initiatives of isolated schools and
colleges did not fit in with the “construction of the vertical of power”
in the country, which began to be seen from a certain moment on as
the supreme objective. As a result, all local experiments were curtailed,
and an exam that was composed in one place for the entire country
was established by command decision.
Rather quickly, however, it came to light that a number of the top
colleges were permitted to enroll students in accordance with their
own entrance procedures, after which it became difficult to claim
that the USE was based on the principle of universal equity. The
futility of hoping that the USE would be conducted in an absolutely
honest fashion became clear after the publication of many scores and
practically official admissions of existing infractions and “anomalously
high and anomalously low scores” in various parts of the coun-
try (http://www.kremlin.ru/news/4701; http://www.echo.msk.ru/
programs/assembly/595241-echo). However, the official position still
maintains that it is the procedures for administering the exam that
require improvement, that the leaders who condoned the falsifications
need to be punished, that restrictions must be placed on the use of
mobile phones which were used to dictate solutions to students, and
so on — along with rebuking the children themselves and their parents,
who did not do enough to prevent cheating on exams.
Debates about the USE in mathematics (see, for example, Abramov,
2009; Bolotov, 2005; Kuz’minov, 2002; Sharygin, 2002, as well as the
website http://www.mccme.ru) have been and continue to be very
heated, with the assignments themselves often being the first to come
under fire. They are criticized, on the one hand, for lacking creativity
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
and, on the other hand, for excessive difficulty, which is too forbidding
even for children who were good students in ordinary schools (let alone
those who attended schools with a humanities specialization) but who
did not have additional lessons in mathematics. It is also argued that the
assignments chosen for the exam give students a misleading impression
of mathematics as an activity that is purely computational and on the
whole lacking in substance. It seems likely, therefore, that the principles
according to which these exams are composed will be changed in the
near future, and likely changed more than once after that. At least, the
so-called demo versions of the USE in mathematics for 2009 and 2010
(http://www1.ege.edu.ru/content/view/21/43/) are significantly
different from one another.
We will confine ourselves here to discussing the 2009 exam (this
was the first year that the USE in mathematics was taken by the
whole country). This exam consisted of three parts and contained 26
problems.
Part 1 contains 13 problems (A1–A10 and B1–B3) at a basic level,
drawing on material from the school course in mathematics. For each
of the problems A1–A10, four possible answers are given, only one of
which is correct. In doing these problems, students must indicate the
number of the correct answer; in other words, these are multiple-choice
questions. For problems B1–B3, students must give short answers.
Part 2 contains 10 more difficult problems (B4–B11, C1, C2) based
on material from the school course in mathematics. For problems
B4–B11, students must give short answers; for problems C1 and C2,
they must write down solutions.
Part 3 contains the three most difficult problems, two in algebra
(C3, C5) and one in geometry (C4). For these problems, students
must write detailed and substantiated solutions.
The solutions to the problems in groups A and B were scanned and
checked centrally (by a computer). The solutions to the problems in
group C were checked locally by specially prepared groups of experts.
The problems were given “raw” scores, which were then translated
into final scores in such a way that a student who had answered every
answer perfectly would receive a score of 100. The lowest boundary
for a passing grade on the exam was determined after the exam had
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taken place. In 2009, a score of 21 turned out to be sufficient, which
corresponded to four problems from group A. Of the students who
took the exam in mathematics, 5.2% received a failing score. This result
is alarming, to say the least — although it must also be said that the
problems in group C, which are solved by a relatively large number of
graduates, are quite difficult. One of them is reproduced below as an
example (C4 from the demo version for 2009).
A sphere whose center lies on the plane of the base ABC of the right
pyramid FABC is circumscribed around that pyramid. The point
M
lies on the side AB in such a way that AM
: MB = 1 : 3. The point T
lies on the straight line AF and is equidistant from the points
M and
B. The volume of the pyramid TBCM is equal to
5
64
. Find the radius
of the sphere circumscribed around the pyramid FABC.
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