ThE dynamIcs of culTural changE
117
encompassing, historically unprecedented: ‘Your possession is
equal to what the sun can pass.’
41
New myths and genealogies
gave the Romans a central place in the narrative of world history,
emphasising their descent from the Trojans and the divine sanction
for Roman victory and domination.
42
At the same time, however,
there was also an emphasis on the civilising mission of the Empire,
whose divinely-ordained task was to bring peace and impose order
for the benefit of all, and to extend the benefits of civilisation to the
farthest reaches of the world.
43
Central to this aspect of Rome’s image was the emergence, out
of fierce internal debate, of a new conception of citizenship and
of what it might mean to ‘be Roman’. In place of the traditional
model of an exclusive citizenship based on birthright, Rome took
the unprecedented step – ‘there is nothing like it in the records of
all mankind’, according to one Greek commentator – of opening it
to the world.
44
The story that the original population of Rome was,
in contrast to pure-bred Greek city-states (in theory, at any rate), a
heterogeneous mix bound together by mutual interest and solidarity
rather than kinship, was an essential component, legitimising the
future admission of those who wished to join the commonwealth.
‘In a short time a scattered and wandering multitude had become a
body of citizens by mutual agreement’, Cicero declared.
45
Sallust’s
slightly longer account emphasised the expectations of the Romans
in all such situations:
After these two peoples, different in race, unlike in speech and
mode of life, were united within the same walls, they were merged
into one with incredible facility, so quickly did harmony change
a heterogeneous and roving band into a commonwealth.
(
The War against Catiline
, 6.1–2)
Those who wished to become Roman, and who displayed sufficient
conformity to Roman expectations, would be accepted, whether
free-born or former slave. The question of how easy it was to gain
admittance in practice – what proportion of slaves could hope to
be manumitted, what level of wealth and influence was required to
win a grant of citizenship – was largely irrelevant to the ideological
power of this institution. What mattered was the belief that Rome
had become the
patria
, the highest focus of loyalty, to all rather
than to a single people:
Morley 01 text 117
29/04/2010 14:29
118
ThE roman EmpIrE
You have caused
the word Roman to be the label, not of
membership in a city, but of some common nationality, and this
not just one among all, but one balancing all the rest… The
division which you substituted is Romans and not-Romans. To
such a degree have you expanded the name of your city. Since
these are the lines along which the distinction has been made,
many in every city are fellow-citizens of yours no less than of their
own kinsmen, though some of them have not yet seen this city.
(Aristides,
Oration
, 26.63–4)
Collective rituals for all citizens, whether those associated with the
taking of the census or the formal swearing of oaths of allegiance
to
the emperor, emphasised
their common identity,
directing
attention away from any differences in status between provincials
and focusing it instead onto the higher authority they all obeyed.
46
The task of uniting all the peoples of the Empire fell above all
to the emperor, or to his public persona: he was the father of his
people, caring for all his subjects, directing all the affairs of the
Empire, personally responsible for its well-being. There is a striking
image in one of Martial’s poems about the games in Rome, offering
a catalogue of all the different races gathered there to watch: ‘These
peoples speak in different voices – but then with one voice, when
you are named the true father of your country’ (
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