Raising the Bar: Impacts and Implementation of the New Heights Program for Expectant and Parenting Teens in Washington, dc



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New Heights Final Report

Alternative sets of covariates 
Unbiased estimation of the New Heights impact requires that we control for any student 
characteristics that change differentially after New Heights expansion for parenting and 
nonparenting females, and which are correlated with outcomes. In our primary analysis, we 
controlled for school fixed effects, age indicators, race and ethnicity indicators, and an indicator 
for being over-age in 9th grade. We tested the robustness of our results to the choice of 
covariates by estimating impacts using only school fixed effects, and using school fixed effects 
and age indicators. The impacts of New Heights on each of the attendance outcomes, as well as 
on credits earned per year, are similar to our primary results using each of these alternatives, 
although the impact on excused absences per semester is marginally significant when only 
controlling for school fixed effects (Table C.6). The impact on the semester graduation rate is 
larger and significant using both alternative sets of covariates.
C.11 


APPENDIX C: ANALYTIC METHODS OF IMPACT ANALYSIS AND RESULTS FROM ALTERNATIVE MODELS
 
Table C.6. New Heights impacts controlling for alternative sets of covariates 
.
 
Unexcused 
absences 
per 
semester 
Excused 
absences 
per 
semester 
Days 
attended 
per 
semester 
Credits 
earned per 
year 
Semester 
graduation 
rate
a
 
(percentage) 
Sample 
size 
Main analysis results 
-4.54*** 
1.35** 
3.43*** 
1.06*** 
0.03* 
10,760 
School fixed effects only 
-4.66*** 
1.30* 
3.66*** 
1.05*** 
0.05*** 
10,760 
School fixed effects, age 
strata indicators 
-4.73*** 
1.34** 
3.74*** 
1.11*** 
0.05*** 
10,760 
Source: DCPS administrative date; DC DOH administrative data. 
Note: 
All regressions, unless otherwise noted, include year fixed effects, semester fixed effects, age indicators, 
race and ethnicity indicators, and an indicator for being over age when entering 9th grade. 
P
-values are 
based on standard errors made robust to serial correlation within students, unless otherwise noted. 
Statistical significance is based on a two-tailed t-test. Statistical significance within the three outcomes in 
the attendance domain, unexcused absences, excused absences, and days attended, are based on 
p
-
values that are adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Bonferroni adjustment. 
a
The semester graduation rate is the proportion of students who graduate each semester. The analysis is restricted 
to students who are at least 17 years old each semester. The semester graduation rate is a marginal measure of 
graduation, whereas the more commonly used cohort graduation rate is a cumulative measure. The semester 
graduation rate is lower than the cohort graduation rate. 
*Significantly different from zero at the .10 level. 
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level. 
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level. 

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