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procedures, and authority (O’Reilly et al., 1991). Schein (1985) refers to organizational culture as the
shared assumptions, values, and artifacts (see figure 3.2). These three elements will be taken into
account for this literature study, since they provide a holistic view of organizational culture.
The culture of an organization can contribute to competitive advantage (Barney, 1991) and is
an important factor for organizational effectiveness (Ouchi and Jaeger, 1978; Deal and Kennedy,
1982; Peters and Waterman, 1982; Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983; Denison, 1990; Gordon and Di Tomaso,
1992). Most studies, however, have focused on the influence of culture on ICT (for an overview, see
Leidner and Kayworth, 2006), while only a handful of studies have focused on the influence of ICT on
(organizational) culture.
Figure 3.2:
Aspects of organizational culture (source: Schein, 1984)
Culture influences spatial perception (Deetz et al., 2000). Van Meel (2000) concluded that
there is a strong relationship between the design of office buildings and their national cultural
context. The organizational culture is visible in the organization-spatial aspects, such as the
workplace, which shows the degree to which the organization cares about employees and their
desires (Ashkanasy et al., 2000). The design of the workplace creates certain atmospheres and
expresses underlying values and norms of an organization (Elsbach and Bechky, 2007). This
emphasizes the relation between culture and the physical workplace
4
.
NWW and the thereby changing organizational structure evidently affect the organizational
culture as well. Blok et al. (2012) state that one of the four aspects that change caused by NWW is
the work culture, which will be more open and focused on information sharing and collaboration in
4
Although not taken into account for this research, it is worth noticing that culture is not only affecting the
physical
layout of a building, it also works vice versa. The physical environment is often used to shape
organizational culture (Walton, 1988; Bate, 1994; Becker
and Steele, 1995; Van Marrewijk, 2006).
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networks. According to Vos & Van der Voordt (2001a), “
the ultimate choice concerning place, space
and use of workplaces must, above all, be tuned to the type of organization, the office culture and the
style of management, to the nature of the activities and to the physical, social and psychological
needs of the employees
”. Van der Voordt (2004) claims that flexible offices create a cultural change;
work is performed more consciously and choices are more goal-oriented. Robertson and Vink (2012)
conclude that, “
when adopting NWW, the organization’s cultural characteristics and the alignment of
work style with corporate goals is essential to the success of these programs
”. Culture thus seems to
be influenced by time and place independence of work and is an important issue for the workplace
as well.
The different cultural aspects artifacts, values, and assumptions of Schein (1984) will be
described and analyzed below. Two analyses will be performed. Firstly, the model (figure 3.1) will
strictly followed. Here the focus is on the influence of ICT on organizational culture (“Is it confirmed
in scientific literature that ICT influences this particular aspect of organizational culture?”). Secondly,
because scientific literature may not be up to date with the latest developments in NWW, a wider
more contemporary perspective was taken as well. The question addressed here was: “Is
it suggested
in white papers and grey literature that NWW influences this particular aspect of organizational
culture?”. If the answer to both questions was positive, the aspect of organizational culture was
made applicable as a question for the expert interviews. In case the specific aspect of organizational
culture is of interest for this study, the question formed to be answered by the use of expert
interviews is stated at the end of each paragraph. The experts’ answers to all stated questions
together give answer to the influence of changing organizational culture on the academic office
workplace.
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