(shuning uchun, nima, qachon)
ta s h la b ketiladi. B o la la r s ek in -a s ta lik b i l a n s u r a t va o 'y i n c h o q l a r
asosida m u staq il ravishda u n c h a k a tta b o M m a g a n h ik o y a la r t u z a
b o sh lay d ilar.
Biroq u l a r n i n g h ikoyalari k o ‘p i n c h a k a t t a l a r h i k o y a s in in g
a y n a n nusxasi b o ‘ladi. U í a r hali k e ra k li n a r s a n i k e ra k s iz d a n ,
m u h i m n i ik k in c h i darajaJidan ajra ta o l m a y d i la r .
K a tta g u r u h y o sh id a g i b o la la r d a b o g l a n i s h l i n u t q a n c h a
r i v o jl a n g a n b o ‘la d i. U l a r u m u m l a s h t i r i s h , x u lo s a c h i q a r i s h ,
m u h o k a m a v u ritish kabi m a la k a la rg a c g a b o l i s h a d i . D ialo g ik
n u tq la rg a , savollarga a n iq , qisqa yoki k e n g t a rz d a ja v o b b e r a
oladilar. S a vollarni t o ‘g ‘ri tu z a olish m a l a k a s i p a y d o b o i a d i ,
kerak p ay td a l u q m a tash lash , o ‘r t o g ‘i n i n g j a v o b i n i t o l d i r i s h va
tu z a tish kabi x u s u s iv a tla r rivojlanadi.
Ularda katta kishilarning t a ’siri o s t i d a fikr yuritish faoliyati
ta k o m illa shadi, u n i n g m a z m u n i va sh a k lid a o 'z g a rish yuz b eradi.
N a r s a - b u y u m l a r d a g i yoki h o d isa la rd a g i e n g m u h i m belgilarni
aytib bcrish m a la k a si s h a k lla n a b o s h la y d i. 5 — 6 yoshli b o l a l a r
s u h b a t d a va s o ‘z l a s h is h d a faol is h tir o k e ta d ila r : to rtis h a d ila r,
m u h o k a m a q ü a d ila r , o ‘z fikrlarini asosli d c b biladilar, o ‘rto qlarini
b u n g a ishontiradilar. E ndi u lar n a r s a - b u y u m l a r n i n g , h o d is a la m in g
n o m la rin i aytish b ila n g in a c h e g a r a l a n m a y d i l a r , balki u l a r n i n g
c n g xarakterli belgilarini, sifatlarini a y t a d i l a r , n a rs a - b u y u m l a r n i
yoki h o d isalarn i yetarli d a r a j a d a t o ‘liq ta h lil qiladilar. B u y u m la r
va h o d isa la r o ‘rtasidagi b a ’zi b ir b o g l a n i s h l a r n i belgilay o lish
m alakasi b o l a l a r n in g m o n o lo g ik n u t q i d a o ‘z aksini to p a d i. Bu
y oshga kelib u l a r n i n g n u tq id a e r g a s h g a n q o ‘s h m a g ap lar p a y d o
b o ‘(a b o s h l a y d i , t o ‘liq b o l m a g a n va o d d i y g a p l a r m i q d o r i
kam ayadi. T a k l i f etilgan m a v z u d a tasviriy v a v o q e iy hikoya tu z is h
m a l a k a s i p a y d o b o i a d i . B i r o q b u y o s h d a h a m b o l a l a r
ta rb iya chining n a n u in a s ig a m u h to j b o l a d i l a r . U la r n in g h ikoyasida
tasvirlanayotgan n a rsa - bu y u m g a yoki h o d isa g a o ‘zining e m o ts io n al
m u n o s a b a tin i bildirish hali yetarli d a r a j a d a riv o jla n m a g a n b o 'l a d i.
B o la la rd a b o g 'l a n i s h l i n u t q m a s h g 'u l o t l a r va k u n d a lik h a y o t
j a r a y o n i d a
riv o jlan tirila d i. „ B o la la r b o g ‘c h a s id a t a ’lim -ta rb iy a
d a s t u r i “ n i n g k i c h i k giiruh bolalarini h ik o y a qilishga o 'rg a tis h
boMimida b o g 'l a n i s h l i n u tq n i rivojlantîrishga y o rd a m beruvchi
tayyorgarlik ish la rin i olib borish k o ‘rsatilgan.
A yniqsa, u s h b u g u r u h d a s o ‘zlash u v n u tq in i rivojlantirishga
katta ah a m iy a t beriladi. S h u n in g u c h u n kichik yoshdagi b o lalam ing
h a r b ir a y tg a n fikriga e h tiy o tk o rlik b ila n m u n o s a b a t d a b o l i b ,
u n i q o ‘ll a b - q u v v a tl a s h kerak.
A w a l b o l a l a r n i s o ‘z y o rd a m id a g i t o p s h i r i q la r n i ( o 'y in c h o q n i
olib kelish, n i m a n i d i r k o krsatish yoki s u r a t d a n k im n id ir, ni-
m a n i d i r k o ‘rs a tis h ) bajarishga, s o ‘ngra ta r b i y a c h i n in g savollariga
ja v o b b e rish g a , u n i tin g la sh g a, e rta k d a g i a y r im q a h r a m o n l a r n i n g
ashulalarini ta r b i y a c h i bilan birgalikda t a k ro rla sh g a o 'rgatila di. Bu
y o sh d a g i b o l a l a r g a b e r il a d ig a n s a v o l la r b o la u c h u n a n i q va
t u s h u n a rli b o ‘lishi kerak. ( „ S e n q im d a y o ‘y i n c h o q la r n i yaxshi
k o ‘rasan? Bu o ‘y i n c h o q h a q id a g ap irib ber. Bu s u ra td a n im a
t a s v i r l a n g a n ? “ )
T a rb iy a c h i b o l a n i n g b itta yoki ikkita j u m l a d a n iborat b o l g a n
fikrlarining m a z m u n i n i fa h m la b , o ‘zin in g sav o ü a ri bilan b o la n in g
fïkrini t o ‘liq va g r a m m a t i k j i h a t d a n to*glri b a y o n etishga u n d ay d i.
S o ‘z l a s h u v n u t q i n i r i v o jla n tiris h — b o l a l a r n i k a t t a l a r n i n g
nu tq in i tin g la sh v a tu s h u n ish , savollarga ja v o b berish, b o s h q a
b o la la r n in g o l d i d a o lz fïkrini a ytish, b i r - b i r in i tin g la sh d a n iborat.
0 ‘rta va k a t t a yosh d ag i b o la la r m o n o l o g ik n u tq n in g asosiy
turi — hikoya va q a y t a hikoya qilish malakasini egallaydilar. Hikoya
va q ay ta h ik o y a qilish b o g 'la n g a n n u t q n i n g c n g m u ra k k a b turidir.
B olalarda b o g l a n i s h l i n u tq n i rivojlantirish ularn i hikoya qilishga
o 'r g a tis h o rq a li a m a l g a oshiriladi. (B o la la r b o g 'c h a s i dasturlari.
T e v a r a k - a t r o f b i l a n tan ish tirish , n u tq o ‘stirish, badiiy ada b iy o t.
T ., 1992, 5 - 6 - b e t l a r .)
2 - § . B o l a la r bilan s o 4z la s h is h — dialog n u tq n i
s h a k l l a n t i r i s h n i n g a s o s i y uslubi
S o ‘z la s h u v n u t q i o g 'z a k i n u t q n i n g a n c h a o d d iy shakli b o l i b ,
u s u h b a t d o s h i a r t o m o n i d a n q u v v a t la n a d i. S o ‘z l o v c h ila r turli
vositalardan (ifodali vosita, ko‘z qarashlar, im o -ish o ra , intonatsiya
v a h o k a z o la r ) fo y d a la n ib , b ir-birla rini t u sln in a d ila r. S o 'z lo v c h ila r
u c h u n m u h o k a m a etilad ig an p re d m e t ( b u y u m , narsa) m a 'l u m
b o ‘ladi. Bu n u t q shakli sin tak tik t o m o n i d a n h a m j u d a oddiy:
192
tu g a lla n m a g a n g a p l a r d a n , xitob, u n d o v s o 'z l a r d a n f o y d a la n ila d i;
u savol va j a v o b l a r d a n , l u q m a t a s h l a s h d a n v a q isqa x a b a r l a r d a n
iborat b o ‘ladi. R u h s h u n o s lik d a o d d i y d i a lo g ( t a y y o r l a n m a g a n )
bilan s u h b a t o ‘rtasidagi farq a n i q l a n g a n . S u h b a t o ‘ziga xos d i a l o g
boMib, m a ’lu m b i r m avzu y o ‘n a lish id an ib o r a t boMadi. S u h b a t n i n g
m a q s a d i q a n d a y d i r s a v o ln i ( m a s a l a n , m a v z u n i ) m u h o k a m a
qilishdir. S u h b a t n i olib borish u c h u n s u h b a t d a ishtirok e t u v c h i l a r
o l d i n d a n t a y y o r l a n a d i la r , u n d a k c n g r o q m a ' l u m o t l a r k o ' p r o q
bo'ladi.
S o ‘zlash u v n u tq i b o g 'l a n g a n , t u s h u n a r l i b o l i s h i kerak. M a k -
t a b g a c h a t a rb iy a y o shidagi b o la la r s o ‘z la s h u v n u tq in i k a t t a l a r
r a h b a r l i g i d a e g a l l a s h a d i . 2 — 3 y o s h l i b o l a l a r s o ' z l a s h u v
m a z m u n i d a n t e z c h a lg 'iy d ilar. U l a r d a hali ta fa k k u r, xotira, d i q -
q at, lug‘at boyligi, n u t q n i n g g r a m m a t i k t o m o n i yaxshi riv o j l a n -
m a g a n . D i a l o g n u t q esa b o la la r d a g i t a f a k k u r n i n g , x o tira v a
d iq q a tn i n g , lu g ‘at b oyligining riv o jla n g a n lig i, n u t q n i n g g r a m
m a tik j i h a t d a n shakllan g a n lig ig a b o g 'li q d i r .
4
— 5 yoshli b o la la r sck in -a s ta lik b i l a n fik m i kcng va t o l i q
b a y o n c tish g a o ‘ta boshlaydilar. S o 'z l a s h g a n d a k o ‘plab s a v o l l a r
( N e g a ? N i m a u c h u n ? ) b cra b o s h la y d ila r. 5 yoshli b o la la r u z o q
vaqt d a v o m i d a s o ‘zlashish q o b iliy a tig a c g a b o l a d i . Bola b u n d a y
s o ‘z las h u v d a savo llarg a ja v o b b e r a d i, s u h b a t d o s h i n i tinglaydi v a
h okaz o.
„ B o la la r b o g ‘c h a s id a t a ’l im - ta r b i y a d a s t u r i “ d a b irin c h i v a
ikkinchi g u r u h d a s o ‘zlashuv n u tq ig a q u y id a g i talablar, v a z if a la r
q o 'y ilg a n : ta r b iy a c h i n in g n u tq in i t i n g la s h va tu s h u n i s h , b e r ilg a n
savollarga t o r t i n m a s d a n ja v o b b e rish m a l a k a s in i s h a k lla n tiris h .
U larni savol b ila n m u ro jaa t etishga o 'r g a t i s h .
O lrta va k a tta g u r u h l a r u c h u n „ D a s t u r d a “ u la rn in g s o ‘z l a -
sh u v n u tq ig a q o 'y i l g a n vazifalar a n c h a m u ra k k a b la s h a d i: s u h b a t
vaq tid a faol is h tir o k ctish; m a v z u b o ‘y i c h a berilg a n s a v o lla rg a
t u s h u n i b , q isq a va t o ‘la j a v o b b e r is h , o ‘rt o q l a r in in g b c r a y o t g a n
jav o b larig a e ' t i b o r berish m alakasi o s h irila d i. B olalarni s o ‘z l a s h u v
nu tqiga o 'r g a tis h til vazifalarini Gavob s h a k lla ri, savol) b a ja r ib g in a
q o l m a s d a n , b a l k i n u t q i y s i f a t l a r n i ( s a m i m i y l i k , d i l k a s h l i k ,
x u s h m u o m a l a l ik , v a z m in lik va h o k a z o ) v a b i r q a n c h a x u l q - o d o b
q o id a la rin i h a m hal qilishi lozim .
T a r b iy a c h i n i n g b o la la r s o ‘z la s h u v n u t q i g a t a 's i r ctish y o l l a r i
j u d a xilma-xildir. H a m m a g u ru h lard a b u vazifani am alga o shirishga
y o rd a m beruvchi vosita — bu kundalik h a y o t ja ra y o n id a b o la la rn in g
13 — Q. Shodiycva
193
so 'z la s h u v n u t q i g a ra h b a rlik qilishdir. S h u n in g d c k , so 'z la sh u v
n u tq i turti xil m a s h g ‘u lo tla rd a h a m s h a k lla n tirib boriladi.
Kichik g u r u h l a r d a n u tq faolligi va so 'z la sh ish malakasi hayotiy
vaziyatlardagi m u l o q o t va bolaiam ing faoliyatlari jara yonida tarbiya-
lanib b o ra d i. Bu j a r a y o n b o la n in g b o g ‘c h a g a kclgan k u n i d a n o q
b o s h lan ad i.
T a r b i y a c h i b o l a l a r b i l a n s o ‘z l a s h g a n d a b u y u m l a r n i n g
n o m i n ig i n a s o 'r a b q o l m a s d a n , balki u l a r n i n g sifatlarini, q ism -
larini, u bilan q i l i n a d i g a n harak atlarn i h a m s o ‘raydi.
T a r b iy a c h in in g o ‘zi bolalarni so'zlashishga undashi (e n ag an in g
ism ini, o t a s in in g is m in i , ayrim b o l a la r n in g ism ini, q u s h n i n g ,
guln in g n o m i n i a y ti s h n i so*rash va h o k a z o ), u la rn in g tashabbusini
quvvatlashi k e ra k . A g a r bola b o g ‘ch a g a b irin c h i kelgan k u n id a
gap g a a r a l a s h m a s a , o d a m o v i b o 'lib o ‘tirsa, tarb iy a ch i b u n d a y
bola bilan a l o h i d a m u n o s a b a t d a b o 'lish i, u n g a shirin s o ‘z aytishi,
u bilan o 'y n a s h i, b u y u m n i h arak atd a k o ‘rsatishi va ha ra k a tla rn i
aytishi kerak.
B olalar b ila n s o ‘z lashishni tashkil e t i s h d a cn a g a h a m faol
ishtirok ctishi lozitn. E naga bolani o'z iga q a ra ta iltimos va m urojaat
qilishiga, uni s o 'z l a r , ju m l a l a r bilan ifo d a la sh g a o 'r g a tib borishi
kerak.
T a rb iy a c h i b o l a l a r d a n b u g u n qayerga b o rg a n la rin i, y c r m a y -
d o n c h a si yoki ta b ia t b u rc h a g id a q a n d a y yangiliklarni k o 'rganlarini
so 'ra y d i. B u n d a y s o ‘zlashuvga k o ‘proq k a m g ap ira d ig a n , in d a m a s
bolalarn i (u larg a m u r o j a a t qilish: A h m a d h a m b o rd im i? Sayyora
h a m quyonlarga sabzi bcrdim i?) jalb qilish ju d a zarurdir.
Bolalarda
s o 'z la s h u v n u tq i m a l a k a la r i n i sh ak llan tirish u c h u n s o ‘zli to p sh i-
riqlar bcrish u s u l i d a n foy d a la n ila d i. B u lling u c h u n tarb iy a c h in in g
o*zi iltimos qilish n a m u n a s i n i aytib bcradi, b a 'z a n csa kichkintoyga
b u n i t a k r o r la s h n i t a k l i f ctad i. B u n d ay to p s h iriq s a m im iy n u tq
shaklini n i u s t a h k a m l a s h g a y o r d a m b cradi.
T a rb iy a c h i s o 'z l a s h u v n u tq in in g rivoji u c h u n b o la la r bilan
birgalikda r a s m l a r n i , b o la la r kitoblarini va ulardagi su ra tlarn i
k o ‘rib c h iq i s h n i t a s h k il ctadi. M a l u m b i r m a v z u d a s o ‘zlashish
u c h u n t a r b i y a c h i n in g u n c h a katta boM m agan ( M e n trolleybusda
n im an i k o 'r d im ? B o s h q a bo lalar bogkc h a s id a q a n d a y qiziq voqeani
k u z a t d i m ? ) h i k o y a l a r i b o 'l i b o ‘tg an x u d d i s h u n g a o 'x s h a s h
v o q e a n i b o l a l a r y o d i g a tushirishga y o r d a m b e r a d i, m u l o h a z a
yuritishi va b a l i o b e r is h in i faollashtiradi.
B unda e n g natijali usullardan biri — turli yoshdagi bolalarni
birlashtirish va b o s h q a g u r u h la r g a borishni tashkil etishdir. C h u n k i
kichik gurn h g a kelgan katta g u r u h bolalari k ic h k i n t o y la r d a n ular-
n in g o 'y in c h o q la r i , kitoblari va b o s h q a la r h a q i d a s o ‘raydilar.
B o l a l a r n i n g s o ‘z l a s h u v n u t q i n i r i v o j l a n t i r i s h g a u l a r n i n g
o ' y i n l a r i , a y n i q s a , v o q e a b a n d - i j r o l i o ' y i n l a r : „ K a s a l x o n a “ ,
„ S a r t a r o s h x o n a “ , „ H a y d o v c h i - h a y d o v c h i “ , „ D o ‘k o n - d o ‘k o n “ ,
„ D e n g i z va c h o l “ , „ K i t o b l a r s u h b a t i “ , „ T u y a va tu y a q u s h "
( o krta g u r u h d a ) va h o k a z o l a r k a tta a h a m i y a tg a cga.
S h u n in g d e k , b o la l a r n in g m c h n a t faoliyati h a m so 'z la s h u v
nu tq in i rivojlantirish im k o n in i beradi. M asalan: tuvak d ag i p o m i d o r
k o 'c h a t i n i jo 'y a k l a r g a e kish j a r a y o n id a ta r b i y a c h i b o l a la r bilan
q u y i d a g i m a z m u n d a s o ‘z l a s h a d i ( h a r b i r t u v a k k a k o ‘c h a t
e g a s in in g — b o l a n i n g ismi yoziladi):
T a r b i y a c h i : B o l a l a r , h a m m a n g i z k o ' c h a t c k i l g a n
tuvak larin g izn i olib k c ld in g iz m i?
B o l a l a r : Ha!
T a r b i y a c h i : B o lalar, a y ti n g l a r - c h i , t u v a k d a g i k o 'c h a t n i
yerga o ‘tq azg a n im izd a n kcyin kim n in g k o ‘c h a ti q a y e r d a ekanligini
q a n d a y bilasiz?
L o l a : T u v a k n i ycrga toMiq k o ‘m m a s d a n , is m y ozilgan joyni
k o ‘rinarli qilib q o ‘yish k crak .
A k m a l : T u v a k k a u z u n xivich ( c h o ‘p) ti q ib q o ‘yib, un g a
ism la rim iz yozilgan q o g ‘o z c h a l a r n i osib q o 'y i s h kerak.
T a r b i y a c h i : M a n a , ikkita taklif: Lola tu v a k n i toMiq k o ‘m -
m a slik n i, ism iar y o zilgan j o y n i k o ‘rinarli q ilib q o l d i r i s h n i , A km al
esa tuv ak k a yoki tuvak y o n i g a u z u n cho*p ti q ib , u n g a ism iar
y ozib q o ‘yilgan q o g ‘o z la r n i osib q o ‘y ish n i t a k l i f ctish y ap ti. Bu
ikki taklifni m u h o k a m a q i l a m iz . Qaysi t a k l if y a x s h ir o q ? G a v h a r ,
sen n im a d e b o 'y la y sa n ?
G a v h a r : Kelinglar, k o ‘c h a t ekilgan tu v a k n i y e rg a oxirigacha
k o ‘m a m iz .
T a r b i y a c h i : S h u h r a t , s e n a y t - c h i , a g a r b i z tu v a k n i
y erga o xirigac ha k o ‘m m a s a k , yozuvini k o ‘rin a r li q ilib qo ld irsak -
d a , k o ‘c h a tn i s u g 'o ris h u c h u n suv q u y s a k . u n d a b o la la r n in g
ismi yozilgan j o y n i m a b o ‘ladi?
S h u h r a t : T u v a k d a g i y o z u v l a r g a lo y y o p i s h i b , y o z u v
ko'rinm aydi.
T a r b i y a c h i : T o ‘g ‘ri a y ta s a n , S h u h r a t .
A k m a l : M e n i n g ta k lifim L o la n in g t a k l i f i d a n yaxshiroq!
T a r b i y a c h i : O kz - o ‘zini m a q t a b g a p iris h y a x sh i em as. Bu
b e o d o b l ik h is o b l a n a d i . S c n i n g ta klifing yaxshi yoki yaxshi c m a s -
ligini b o s h q a b o l a l a r aytishsin.
B c h z o d : A k m a l yaxshi taklifni aytdi.
T a r b i y a c h i : N i m a u c h u n ?
B e h z o d : C h u n k i u z u n c h o ‘pga y o z i b q o ‘yilgan y o z u v l a r
y ax sh i k o ‘rin a d i.
T a r b i y a c h i : K o ' c h a t n i b c m a l o l s u g ‘o r i s h m u m k i n .
Y o z u v la r o ‘c h i b k etm a y d i. H o z ir B c h zo d bilan G a v h a r d u r a d g o r
A h m a d a k a g a b o r i b , u l a r d a n u z u n c h o ' p ( r e y k a ) b o rlig in i
a n iq la s h a d i. Bizga 25 ta u z u n c h o ’p kerak. Siz buni A h m a d akaga
q a n d a y tu s h u n t ir a s i z ?
H a r b i r b o la d u r a d g o r b i l a n b o l a d i g a n so V J a s h u v la m in g
m a z m u n i n i a y tish a d i. T a r b iy a c h i aytilgan fikrlarning ic h id a n e n g
q isqa va t u s h u n a r li s i n i ta n l a b o l a d i va k ich k in to y g a d u ra d g o rg a
b o rib , o ' z i n i n g iltim osini xud d i s h u n d a y t u s h u n tir is h n i tavsiya
ctadi.
K a tt a g u r u h l a r d a h a m sh u u su lla rd a n fo y da la nila di, b iroq
s o ‘z l a s h u v n u t q i n i n g m a v z u l a r i , t o p s h i r i q va h i k o y a l a r n i n g
m a z m u n i m u ra k k a b la s h a d i. U s h b u g u ru h d a k o 'p r o q k attalar bilan
m u l o q o t d a b o l i s h m a l a k a l a r i n i o 's t i r i s h g a . j a m o a t j o y l a r i d a
s o ‘zlashish qo id alarig a am al qilishga katta aham iyat beriladi. J a m o a
b o l i b s o ‘z l a s h i s h d a b o l a l a r n in g j a v o b in i t o l d i r i s h g a , tu zatis h g a,
s o ‘ra s h g a , q a y t a s o ‘rashga o 'r g a t a d i S h u tariqa k u n d a lik h ayot
j a r a y o n i d a b o l a l a r n in g s o 'z la s h u v nutqi shak llan tirib b oriladi.
3 - § . M a x s u s m a s h g ‘u l o tl a r d a dialogik n u t q q a
o ‘r g a t i s h u s lu b i v o t la r i va usullari
B o l a l a r n i n g s o ‘zlash u v (d ialo g ik ) n u tq in i tarkib to p tir is h d a
m a x s u s m a s h g ' u l o t l a r h a m o l i h b o rila d i. Bu m a s h g ‘u lo tla r:
1) s u h b a t l a r ; 2) t a ’lim iy o 'y i n l a r ; 3) su ra tlarn i k o ‘rib c hiqish
va u h a q d a su h b at.
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