8.
and she broke her ba::ck/
9.
because *she pushed her off the ledge/
10. Barb
Around the ledge/
11. Gwen
Really she did/
12. Barb
I *don’t care about *that/ {just get out of here/ I’m ma::d![ff]}
13.
[talking to the Raggedy Ann figure]
In line 5, Gwen proposes that because the Princess is indisposed, Barb, as the Prince,
forget the ball. This idea in line 5 has been built up collaboratively over several turns
(lines 1–5). In line 5 Gwen uses “because” to relate this proposal back to a main idea
of the story: the bad nature of Raggedy Ann. Therefore, the justification (“because
since Gabriella is hurt”) justifies an elaborative— hence supportive—move and is in
keeping with other uses of “because.” Gwen does not stop there, however. She goes
through several further justifications (lines 5–9): “since Gabriella is hurt, I don’t
think she can *dance, because she hurt her foot/and she broke her ba::ck/because
*she pushed her off the ledge!” Gwen uses “because” to build an ideational unit
across several utterances within her own turn. However, the complex idea that she is
building is itself supportive or validating of what they have been doing together all
along—building a case against Raggedy Ann. The sequence justifies just how bad
Raggedy Ann is.
To summarize example 3, “because” marks the fact that the justifications are
validating both the partner and the joint script. Moreover, this example shows that, by
encouraging the relating of current proposals to the joint script and by encouraging
“because” marking that serves as a cohesive device linking utterances together, a par-
ticipation framework of collaboration supports the building of complex ideational
units through the talk.
Note the use of a causal construction in line 12 that lacks “because” (“just get
out of here/I’m mad! (Barb could have said, “just get out of here! Because I’m
mad!”) The next example suggests that omitting “because” in causal justification
constructions where it can occur may convey anger, urgency, and a threatening de-
meanor. Barb, voicing the Prince, omits the marker in line 12. She is in the process of
conveying an angry stance toward Raggedy Ann, who has committed the heinous of-
fense of having hurt the Princess so badly that she had to miss the Ball. In trying to
echo a voice of a particular sort, she uses the forms associated with that voice.
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