Philip levine and ron scollon, editors


Part I: Language Processing and First-Language Learning



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Part I: Language Processing and First-Language Learning
Table 2.2.
Target words and corresponding objects
Word
Condition
Target word type
example
Target object type
Object example
Vague
Linguistically
dog
Pair of objects of
Two different
vague word
the same category
dogs
Nonsense
Nonsense word
fidge
Unknown object
Novel object or
or creature
creature
Noun-Present
Noun homonym
pie
Novel object or creature
Novel object or
present in the
plus an object that
creature plus
scene
corresponds to the
an illustration
meaning of the
of a pie
pseudohomonym
Noun-Absent
Noun homonym
snake
Unknown object or
Novel object or
absent from scene
creature
creature
Verb
Verb homonym
give
Unknown object or
Novel object or
creature
creature
Content made available by Georgetown University Press, DigitalGeorgetown, 
and the Department of Linguistics.


HOMONYMS AND FUNCTIONAL MAPPINGS IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
27
Table 2.3.
List of words and landmarks
Nonsense
Nouns-
Nouns-
Vague
Landmarks
words
Present
Absent
Verbs
words
Scene One:
fidge
pie
snake
give
dog
fountain
slide (under)
slide (on)
(pink) tree
flowers
Scene Two:
goot
cake
owl
have
cat
bridge
boat
island
flowers
water
Scene Three:
snock
horse
bone
put
pig
wall
roof
car
tree
front door
Scene Four:
sarn
boat
leaf
get
fish
refrigerator
sink
oven
table
chair
Scene Five:
mish
sheep
kite
sit
duck
bathtub
stool
rug
door
toilet
Content made available by Georgetown University Press, DigitalGeorgetown, 
and the Department of Linguistics.


question that only kids know the answer to—that’s why I need your help—grown-ups
don’t know the answers, but I’ll bet you do! Are you ready?” Children were shown a
warm-up scene and read a short story in which they were asked to identify several ob-
jects in the picture that the character, Jan, saw in the park. Half of the word-object
pairs were of the vague type, to reinforce the idea that children needed to pay atten-
tion to the location in which an object appeared.
After the warm-up scene, children listened to the story until the point at which
the first landmark and target object were named:
Next to the slide, Tommy saw a pink tree. Way up in the tree, Tommy saw a
[keyword]. “Maybe my baseball is stuck up in the tree too,” Tommy thought.
Tommy climbed the tree and looked all around, but still didn’t find his
baseball.
At this point, the scene was covered up and the answer page was presented to the
child. The experimenter then instructed the child as follows: “Tommy saw a [key-
word] in the tree, right? Can you point to it?” The experimenter noted the child’s an-
swer, removed the answer page, uncovered the scene, and continued the story. A fi-
nal, sixth scene was included at the end so that Tommy could finally find his
baseball, but no questions were asked for this last scene.
Scoring
The experimenter recorded participants’ answers on a prepared answer form.
Answers were scored as ‘correct’ if the participant indicated the object to which the
story referred. ‘Incorrect’ answers were those in which the participant indicatedeither
the familiar meaning of the homonym (in the case of the Noun-Present and
Noun-Absent conditions) or the referent which appeared in a place in the scene other
than where the story indicated (in the case of the Vague condition). Answers were
scored as ‘other’ when participants indicated an object that did not fit either category.
Results
A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the dependent variable as
the number of correctly mapped words, was performed for Experiment One. Signifi-
cant differences were found between the two noun conditions and the other three con-
ditions (F(4, 15)

33.32,
p

.001), but there were no significant difference be-
tween the noun-present and noun-absent conditions, nor among the three other
conditions (see figure 2.4).
Scores support the main effect of homonyms anticipated by this study. Overall,
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