We first discuss the adult meanings and uses of
datte
. Second, we present the ra-
tionale for our research design and articulate our hypotheses about Japanese pre-
schoolers’ use of the connective. We then lay out the results of our two studies, and
we conclude with some observations and comments about the implications of our
findings.
Meanings of
Datte
Several Japanese linguists have analyzed
datte
. Maynard (1993), for example, de-
scribes the functions of this connective in terms of “position,” “dispute,” and “sup-
port,” following categories suggested by Schiffrin (1987). Position refers to a
speaker’s commitment to an idea; dispute to opposition to the expressed position; and
support to utterances categorized as providing explanation, justification, or defense
of a disputed position. Maynard argues that
datte
is used with the intent to support a
position uttered in a context in which that position is in dispute (Maynard 1993, 107).
Hasunuma (1995) suggests that
datte
occurs in contexts in which the speaker be-
lieves that the hearer, or some indefinite third person, may hold a different opinion
from the speaker’s. Mori (1999) considers use of
datte
in three contexts: delivering
agreement, delivering disagreement, and pursuing agreement. In the cases of deliver-
ing and pursuing agreement, however, the speaker perceives an external, third-party
challenge or opposing position, and the agreement the speaker seeks or offers is to
build solidarity with the speaker’s interlocutor against the perceived or potential
third-party challenge.
We suggest that all of the insights gleaned by these previous considerations of
datte
can be encapsulated as follows: Speakers use
datte
when they believe they need
to justify their own positions against opposition explicitly expressed, implicitly con-
veyed, or presumed to be commonly held by others (Yamamoto, Matsui, and
McCagg, in press). We further claim that
datte
semantically encodes (as opposed to
pragmatically implicates) the speaker’s attitude that the information contained in the
utterance immediately following the connective strengthens the speaker’s position
and weakens the position held by the hearer or some indefinite third person. The
English causal connective
because
and the Japanese equivalent
kara
encode a causal
relation only, although they may pragmatically implicate the speaker’s attitude when
they are used in a context in which the hearer’s attitude clearly stands in opposition to
that of the speaker. The following examples illustrate typical adult uses of
datte
. The
“but” sense of
datte
may be seen most clearly in (1), where A explicitly states disap-
proval of B’s action:
(1) A: I think you’ve been spending too much on your shoes recently.
B:
Datte
(
But-because
) these were half price.
Often,
datte
appears at the onset of answers to why-questions when disapproval is de-
tected, as in (2):
(2) A: Why did you buy another pair of shoes?
B:
Datte
(
But
-
because
) they were half price.
38
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: