Communicative Competence
Along with the study of communication by learners comes study of the knowledge
that drives successful communication—namely, communicative competence. I adopt
Canale’s (1983) definition of communicative competence. Communicative compe-
tence can be regarded as the underlying systems of knowledge and skill required for
communication (Canale and Swain 1980). Canale (1983) describes communicative
competence as having four parts: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic compe-
tence, discourse competence, and strategic competence.
1
Grammatical competence
refers to knowledge of the language in all areas of grammar, including the lexicon,
phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In L2 acquisition research proper,
grammatical competence is the most researched area of development.
Sociolinguistic competence addresses the extent to which utterances are pro-
duced and understood appropriately in different sociolinguistic contexts, depending
on contextual factors such as status of participants, purposes of the interaction, and
norms or conventions of interaction. Appropriateness of meaning includes what one
does in particular situations and what communicative functions or acts may be ex-
pressed. For example, as Schmidt (1983) notes, in English one does not normally ask
strangers their age, marital status, or salary on first meeting, although these inquiries
may be acceptable first questions in other cultures. The reader will recognize an ex-
tensive overlap in the definitions of pragmatic competence discussed earlier and
Canale’s (1983) sociolinguistic competence. For that reason, I refer to sociolinguistic
competence as pragmatic competence to tie it into the investigation of interlanguage
pragmatics, although I acknowledge that they may not be identical in detail.
Discourse competence is the knowledge required to combine grammatical forms
and meanings into coherent and cohesive oral and written texts. Discourse compe-
tence includes the ability to distinguish among types of texts. In this essay I focus
only on spoken discourse. Because spoken discourse typically is dyadic and coopera-
tive, Schmidt (1983) calls this aspect of discourse
conversational
or
interactional
competence.
Strategic competence is composed of mastery of verbal and nonverbal commu-
nication strategies. Learners use communication strategies to overcome inadequacies
of their interlanguage resources (Ellis 1994) or to make up for insufficient compe-
tence in one or more of the other components of communicative competence (Canale
1983). Typical examples are the use of paraphrase, requests for repetition, clarifica-
tion or slower speech, and the use of reference sources.
2
Pragmatics, Communication, and Communicative
Competence: An Early Study
I begin this call for the recontextualization of interlanguage pragmatic inquiry with a
brief review of Schmidt’s (1983) study. Schmidt reports on the development of an
adult Japanese learner of English named Wes, a successful artist who has relocated to
Hawaii. The case study follows the learner’s development over the course of three
years. At the end of the three-year period Schmidt summarized Wes’s progress in the
four areas of communicative competence outlined by Canale (1983). Schmidt’s
(1983) study is cited for many reasons throughout the L2 acquisition literature. I cite
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