Part I: Language Processing and First-Language Learning
Content made available by Georgetown University Press, DigitalGeorgetown,
and the Department of Linguistics.
Acknowledgments
The author is indebted to Eve Sweetser for helpful discussions on content, speech
act–level, and epistemic causals in this transcript. Any errors are the author’s.
NOTE
Pseudonyms were assigned to children in the study and are used here to indicate
whose talk is featured in examples.
Transcription Conventions
/
Final fall
?
Final rise
,
Slight rise as in listing intonation (e.g., more is expected)
::
Lengthened segments
-
Truncation
⫽
single
⫽
before and after the appropriate portions of text to indicate
overlap
[] Latching (simultaneous or overlapping speech)
*
Asterisk appears to left of accented syllable.
( ) (word or phrase in parentheses) description of nonspeech activity
REFERENCES
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dence for the early acquisition of discourse markers as register variables.
Journal of Pragmatics
31:1339–51.
Chafe, Wallace. 1984. How people use adverbial clauses.
Berkeley Linguistics Society
10:437–50.
Cook-Gumperz, Jenny. 1995. Reproducing the discourse of mothering: How gendered talk makes
gendered lives. In
Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self
, ed. Kira Hall and
Mary Bucholz, 401–19. London: Routledge.
Cook-Gumperz, Jenny, and John Gumperz. 1978. Context in children’s speech. In
The development of
communication
, ed. Catherine Snow and Natalie Waterson, 3–25. New York: Wiley.
Gumperz, John. 1994. Contextualization and understanding. In
Rethinking context: Language as an inter-
active phenomenon,
vol. 11 of
Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language
, ed.
Alessandro Duranti and Charles Goodwin, 229–52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987.
Discourse markers: Studies in interactional sociolinguistics, 5
. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Schleppegrell, Mary. 1991. Paratactic because.
Journal of Pragmatics
16:323–37.
Sweetser, Eve. 1990.
From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic struc-
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Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
“BECAUSE” AS A MARKER OF COLLABORATIVE STANCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S PEER INTERACTIONS
61
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II
Issues in Second-Language Learning
Content made available by Georgetown University Press, DigitalGeorgetown,
and the Department of Linguistics.
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