a wide range of oral texts produced by Wes, including narratives, descriptions, and
conversations. Over the three year period of observation, Wes produced more elabo-
rated discourse. To keep to the type of features typically examined in interlanguage
pragmatics, Wes developed frequent use of back-channel signals such as
uh huh, I
see, really?, yeah, I know what you mean,
and
my goodness
, as well as the ability to
repeat fragments of an interlocutor’s turn. In addition, Wes was a good conversation-
alist and could engage in small talk.
Strategic Competence
Schmidt (1983) also investigated Wes’s development of communication strategies.
Wes employed several strategies, perhaps as a result of his relatively undeveloped
grammar. Although most of Wes’s strategies compensate for deficiencies in other ar-
eas of his development, Schmidt does isolate communicative strategies that directly
address pragmatics. A relevant example is the use of disambiguators such as
please
to clarify the illocutionary force of an utterance, as in (6). Similarly, Wes’s use of
Can
I getting some more coffee?
could be ambiguous in illocutionary force between a re-
quest (Can you get me some more coffee?) and an offer (Can I get you some more
coffee?). The use of
please
could disambiguate the illocutionary force, as shown in
the constructed example in (7b).
(6) Pragmatic strategies: use of
please
to disambiguate illocutionary force
a. Please n you taking this suitcase
b. Please, never thinking (“don’t think about it”)
(7) Extrapolated from the data:
a. Can I getting some more coffee? (at home intended as a request,
ambiguous request/offer)
b. Can I getting some more coffee, please? (constructed)
Schmidt’s outline of Wes’s development shows how a learner’s L2 pragmatic de-
velopment is related to his L2 development more generally. We see how far-reaching
and intertwined pragmatics is with other areas of language and language use. We see
how the study of interlanguage pragmatics could be contextualized both in acquisi-
tion and in the other components of communicative competence.
Pragmatics and Communicative Competence
In this section I examine how research in each of the other components can inform
research in pragmatic competence. This examination represents a slightly different
approach from that of Schmidt (1983), who examined each area of development in-
dependently, although I am indebted to Schmidt’s work for my approach. This section
examines the intersection of pragmatic competence with grammatical, discourse, and
strategic competence in turn for what we can learn about pragmatic development.
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