above greatly improves between ages two and three years, as does their grasp of the
format of psychological justification. In Nelson’s view, such an improvement is a re-
sult of children’s successful inferences about appropriate uses of the causal expres-
sions, which ultimately lead them to achieve full grasp of the expressions’ logical
implications.
Nelson’s claim that “use before meaning” proceeds and develops into “meaning
from use” is independently supported by numerous studies that show that young chil-
dren are sensitive to discourse contexts in which a novel word is used and are able to
use these contexts to hypothesize the meaning of the word in the context (Baldwin
1993; Bloom 2000; Clark 1997; Tomasello and Akhtar 1995). Crucially, children’s
ability to pick up appropriate contextual clues to learn the meaning of a novel word
may be a by-product of their developing theory of mind ability (Sperber 2000;
Sperber and Wilson 2002). We endorse this constructive, inferential view of meaning
acquisition and further assume that the ability to extract important contextual fea-
tures relevant to a novel word is most vital when a child has to learn lexical items that
do not have perceptible real-world counterparts—prime examples of which include
discourse connectives, particles, pronouns, and other function words.
This view of meaning acquisition assumes that long before children achieve full
understanding of the meaning of
datte
, they need to be able to extract relevant fea-
tures of the context in which the connective is used by adults. The key feature to be
noticed by children in the context of
datte
-use is that of the speaker’s opinion having
been challenged. In this dynamic view of meaning acquisition, we hypothesize that if
children’s use of
datte
reflects their grasp of this particular contextual feature, there is
an indication that children correctly understood that their opinion has been chal-
lenged in the communicative context.
This fundamental assumption, in turn, leads us to investigate exactly how young
Japanese children use the connective during the preschool period. The findings of
our studies should show increased sophistication over time in their understanding of
others’ challenging attitudes toward their own beliefs. Our hypotheses are as
follows:
(a) If children are capable of using
datte
in any of its appropriate ways, prior to
passing the standard false-belief test, it strongly supports the view that there
are intermediate stages of mind-reading that require more finely tuned instru-
ments to capture.
(b) If Japanese children can use
datte
as in examples (1) and (2) above, it strongly
suggests that they can understand the mental states of others—at least to the
extent that they can understand challenges expressed in others’ utterances.
(c) The level of mind-reading ability required to use
datte
in the absence of an
immediate challenge, as in (4), is greater than that required to produce a
datte
utterance in response to a challenge indicated in the immediately preceding
communicative context, as in (1) and (2).
(d) The quality of utterances immediately following occurrences of
datte
will
gradually come to approximate adult-like
datte
justifications over time.
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