One feature that was considered to explain the difference in “because” marking
between girls’and boys’friendship group talk was the types of causal relationships that
occurred in the justifications (Sweetser 1990). Whereas boys justified mostly at the
speech act level, producing justifications mainly for why they were committing spe-
cific speech acts—particularly requests and prohibitions—girls justified at the speech
act, content, and epistemic levels of the talk. That is, girls specified reasons for why
events in the real world occurred (Content-Level Causals) and for beliefs (Epistemic
Causals), as well as for speech acts. The following set of eight justifications comes
from a text produced by a friendship group of girls that was analyzed for these uses. As
the selected examples show, the justifications produced operate at both the ideational
level (content level) and action levels (speech act level and epistemic level) of the talk.
1. I’m sure glad we’re both handsome and pretty, because if I married Raggedy
Ann, I would have a really dumb life (content level)
2. Raggedy Ann made a sound/she wanted to kill him/ (content level)
3. Get out of here! I’m mad! (speech act level, content level)
4. Have you healed your back yet? Cause I really need to take you to the mid-
night ball. (speech act level)
5. And tonight it’s cold// ’cause it’s the first day of winter// (epistemic, content
level)
6. No she can’t (steal one of your pods)/ I have the strongest horns (epistemic,
content level)
7. C1: I hate being poor
C2: Well *her house (which I’ve just given you) is warm
C1: Because I’m a summer dinosaur (speech act level)
8. When it’s warm in the night *I go out/ ’cause last night it was warm (speech
act level)
In the boys’ groups, justifications were mostly of the speech act–level variety (“No,
you can’t go in, two people are in there.”).
Sweetser (1990) argues that speech act–level and epistemic causals—those with
requests and claims in the main clause, in which the causal clause explains the reason
for committing the speech act or claim—would have more discontinuous marking
between the two clauses of “because” constructions (i.e., they would be more likely
to have comma intonation than continuous intonation). This discontinuous marking
comes about because the main clauses entail commission of the speech act or claim;
hence, there is less presupposition than in a content-level causal, which does not
commit a speech act. If boys produce more speech act–level causal constructions
than content-level causals relative to girls, and if speech act–level causals have more
discontinuous syntax and prosody between the clauses, these factors might explain
the difference between unmarked and marked constructions that were observed be-
tween boys’ and girls’ groups.
In the specialized discourse context of children conducting pretend play and ar-
guments in this study, this explanation did not account for more “because” marking
52
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: