Sounds of Turbulence
These chaotic patterns radiate out as longitudinal sound waves. It is rarely a
harmonic or periodic movement; as it is so complex, it’s not perceived as an
orderly function of time. We hear a rushing-sound-like noise. However, beyond
the critical point the Reynolds number correlates to the scale of vortices and
chaotic pressure waves. As the fluid speed increases we get smaller scales and
higher frequencies. Because of this statistical behaviour we get different sounds
for different obstacle shapes and fluid speeds. Higher frequencies are heard for
faster flows and smaller obstacles. The regularity of the obstacle also introduces
some effects. Certain geometry, like perfectly round cables or poles, produces
more focused, resonant signals like periodic whistling, while irregular geometry,
like rocks and walls, produces the rushing-noise-like signals. A familiar scenario
is where turbulence occurs within, or in close proximity to a resonant cavity
such as a bottle or pipe. We will now look at this phenomenon of
acoustic
resonance
.
Pipes
Turbulent flow causes compressions and rarefaction of air, but not necessarily
in a periodic fashion. If objects are placed nearby that reflect waves generated
by a turbulent flow, they may bounce back and coerce the vortices to adopt
72
Acoustics
F = c/2L
F = c/4L
F = c/2L
F = 2c/L
F = 3c/4L
F = 2c/L
F = 3c/L
F = 5c/4L
F = 3c/L
Closed pipe
Semi-open pipe
Open pipe
Figure 5.10
Resonances of pipes. Air velocity in closed, semi-open, and open pipes.
a periodic character.
3
If the cavity size and airflow are just right, a positive
feedback cycle occurs, leading to a standing wave. In an open pipe there must
be a particle velocity antinode, or pressure node, at the open end. If one end
of the pipe is closed, then a velocity node (pressure antinode) must occur here,
since at the boundary of a solid object no air will move. Using this idea we can
predict the possible resonant modes for three kinds of situations: a pipe open
at both ends, a pipe closed at both ends, and a pipe open at only one end.
Referring to figure 5.10 we see three types of pipe configuration and the
standing waves that may appear. The fundamental frequency of a pipe closed
at both ends occurs when there is a node at each end. The simplest wave that
exactly fits into this arrangement is a half wavelength. Thus, for a pipe of
length
l
:
f
=
c
λ
=
c
2
l
(5.14)
Overtones can occur for any standing wave configuration that satisfies the cor-
rect placement of nodes at the ends, so these can happen at
f
, 2
f
, 3
f
, . . . or
3. For turbulent excitations our rules about trying to nicely separate resonator and excitor
break down—the two become merged into one complicated fluid dynamic process.
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