example: 10.9-3
Solve for v
o
(t) as a function of time in the circuit in Fig. 10.9-6 (a). Also, identify (i) transient response
and steady-state response components, (ii) zero-input response and zero-state response components
General Analysis Procedure for Single Time Constant
RL
Circuits
10.53
in the total response and (iii) contributions to zero-state response from the individual sources. The
source functions are
v t
t
u t
i t
t
u t
s
s
V
A
1
10
10
4
2
10
3
( )
sin(
/ ) ( )
( )
cos(
/ ) ( )
=
+
=
−
p
p
.
10
Ω
10
Ω
0.25 H
0.25 H
(b)
10
Ω
–
–
+
+
10
Ω
v
S
(
t
)
i
S
(
t
)
v
o
IC
= 1 A
(a)
Fig. 10.9-6
Circuit for Example: 10.9-3
Solution
There are two switched sinusoidal sources in the circuit – one independent voltage source and one
independent current source. They are of same angular frequency of 10 rad/s. Since we are required to
identify the zero-input response and zero-state response components we have to solve two circuits –
one with all sources and zero initial condition for inductor and another with all independent sources
deactivated and specified initial condition for inductor current.
Step 1 – Find the time constant
The deactivated circuit for finding the time constant is shown in Fig. 10.9-6 (b). The time constant
is 0.25/(10//10)
=
0.05s.
Step 2 – Identify circuits for zero-input response and zero-state response and solve for zero-input
response.
These circuits are shown in Fig. 10.9-7. Circuit in Fig. 10.9-7 (a) has to be used for determining
zero-state response and circuit in Fig. 10.9-7 (b) has to be used for zero-input response.
The circuit does not apply any impulse to the inductor. Therefore, the inductor current at t
=
0
+
is same as at t
=
0
-
and will be 1A in the marked direction. But what we need is the initial condition
at t
=
0
+
for our response variable v
o
. The 1A initial current in inductor at t
=
0
+
gets divided equally
between the two equal resistors and develops a potential of 5V across them at that instant. Hence, the
required initial condition for v
o
=
5V.
10
Ω
10
Ω
0.25 H
0.25 H
(b)
10
Ω
–
–
+
+
10
Ω
v
S
(
t
)
i
S
(
t
)
v
o
IC
= 0 A
(a)
Fig. 10.9-7
Circuits for determining various response components in Example: 10.9-3
This is a single time constant circuit and hence zero-input response in any circuit variable will be of
the form Ae
-
t/
t
where A has to be adjusted for compliance with initial condition on the chosen output
variable. Therefore, zero-input response component in v
o
is 5e
-
20t
V since initial condition is 5V and
time constant is 0.05s.
Step 3 – Identify circuits for obtaining zero-state response components and solve them.
Three sub-circuits derived from circuit in Fig. 10.9-7 (a) for evaluating the zero-state response
contributions from individual sources are shown in Fig. 10.9-8.
10.54
First-Order
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