10.52
First-Order
RL
Circuits
2
Ω
2
Ω
–
+
1
Ω
0.2 H
0.5
u
(
t
)
2
u
(
t
)
IC
= 0 A
(a)
i
x
2
Ω
2
Ω
–
+
1
Ω
0.2 H
2
u
(
t
)
IC
= 0 A
(c)
i
x
2
Ω
2
Ω
1
Ω
0.2 H
IC
= 0 A
(d)
i
x
2
Ω
2
Ω
1
Ω
0.2 H
IC
= 1 A
(b)
i
x
0.5
u
(
t
)
Fig. 10.9-5
Circuits for solving zero-input and zero-state responses in Example: 10.9-2
Step 4 – Find the zero-state response in circuit in Fig. 10.9-5 (d)
The initial value of
i
x
at
t
=
0
+
is 0.25A from circuit in Fig. 10.9-5 (d). Final steady-state value is
obtained by replacing the inductor by short-circuit and solving the resulting resistive circuit. Applying
current division principle, we get the value as 0.125A. Therefore,
the solution is
=
0.125(1
+
e
-
10
t
).
Step 5 – Find the total zero-state response in circuit Fig. 10.9-5 (a)
Total zero-state response is obtained by adding the two zero-state responses obtained in the last two
steps. It is 0.25(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
+
0.125(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
=
0.375(1
+
e
-
10
t
).
Step 6 – Find the total response in the original circuit
This is obtained by adding the zero-input response obtained in Step-1 and total zero-state response
obtained in Step 5. It is 0.5
e
-
10
t
+
0.375(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
=
0.375
+
0.875
e
-
10
t
. It is the same expression we
obtained in Example 10.9-1.
(i) If initial condition is changed to 2A
This change will affect only zero-input response. Zero-input response obeys superposition
principle. Therefore, the zero-input response becomes (0.5
e
-
10
t
) x 2/1
=
e
-
10
t
.
Therefore,
i
x
(
t)
=
e
-
10
t
+
0.375(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
=
0.375
+
1.375
e
-
10
t
A for
t
≥
0
+
.
(ii) If voltage source value is changed to 5V
This change will affect the zero-state response contribution from voltage source only.
It was 0.25(1
+
e
-
10
t
) when voltage source value was 2V. Therefore, applying superposition
principle, it will be 2.5 times this function with voltage source value of 5V.
Therefore,
i
x
(
t)
=
0.5
e
-
10
t
+
2.5x 0.25(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
+
0.125(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
=
0.75
+
1.25
e
-
10
t
A for
t
≥
0
+
.
(iii) If voltage source value is changed to 4V, current source value changed to 1A
and initial
condition changed to 2A
The solution will get affected in all the three components. Zero-input response gets scaled by 2/1,
zero-state response from voltage source gets multiplied by 4/2 and zero-state response from current
source gets multiplied by 1/0.5.
Therefore,
i
x
(
t)
=
2x0.5
e
-
10
t
+
2x 0.25(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
+
2x0.125(1
+
e
-
10
t
)
=
0.75
+
1.75
e
-
10
t
A for
t
≥
0
+
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