W
waveform symmetry, 9.11–9.14
Y
Pdf ko'rish bet 427/427 Sana 21.11.2022 Hajmi 5,69 Mb. #869982
Bog'liq
Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar
W
waveform
symmetry , 9.11–9.14
Y
Y-connected source, 8.6–8.9
Z
zero-input response, 11.3
zero input current principle, 2.29
zero sequence component, 8.26–8.27
Document Outline Cover Dedication Brief Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 : Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements 1.1 Electromotive Force, Potential and Voltage 1.1.1 Force Between Two Moving Point Charges and Retardation Effect 1.1.2 Electric Potential and Voltage 1.1.3 Electromotive Force and Terminal Voltage of a Steady Source 1.2 A Voltage Source with a Resistance Connected at its Terminals 1.2.1 Steady-State Charge Distribution in the System 1.2.2 Drift Velocity and Current Density 1.2.3 Current Intensity 1.2.4 Conduction and Energy Transfer Process 1.2.5 Two-Terminal Resistance Element 1.2.6 A Time-Varying Voltage Source with Resistance Across it 1.3 Two-Terminal Capacitance 1.4 Two-Terminal Inductance 1.4.1 Induced Electromotive Force and its Location in a Circuit 1.4.2 Relation between induced electromotive force and current 1.4.3 Farady’s Law and Induced Electromotive Force 1.4.4 The Issue of a Unique Voltage Across a Two-Terminal Element 1.4.5 The Two-Terminal Inductance 1.5 Ideal Independent Two-Terminal Electrical Sources 1.5.1 Ideal Independent Voltage Source 1.5.2 Ideal Independent Current Source 1.5.3 Ideal Short-Circuit Element and Ideal Open-Circuit Element 1.6 Power and Energy Relations for Two-Terminal Elements 1.6.1 Passive Sign Convention 1.6.2 Power and Energy in Two-Terminal Elements 1.7 Classification of Two-Terminal Elements 1.7.1 Lumped and Distributed Elements 1.7.2 Linear and Non-linear Elements 1.7.3 Bilateral and Non-Bilateral Elements 1.7.4 Passive and Active Elements 1.7.5 Time-Invariant and Time-Variant Elements 1.8 Multi-Terminal Circuit Elements 1.8.1 Ideal Dependent Sources 1.9 Summary 1.10 Problems Chapter 2 : Basic Circuit Laws 2.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) 2.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 2.3 Interconnections of Ideal Sources 2.4 Analysis of a Single-Loop Circuit 2.5 Analysis of a Single-Node-Pair Circuit 2.6 Analysis of Multi-Loop, Multi-Node Circuits 2.7 KVL and KCL in Operational Amplifier Circuits 2.7.1 The Practical Operational Amplifier 2.7.2 Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifier Circuits 2.7.3 The Principles of ‘Virtual Short’ and ‘Zero Input Current’ 2.7.4 Analysis of Operational Amplifier Circuits Using the IOA Model 2.8 Summary 2.9 Problems Chapter 3 : Single Element Circuits 3.1 The Resistor 3.1.1 Series Connection of Resistors 3.1.2 Parallel Connection of Resistors 3.2 The Inductor 3.2.1 Instantaneous Inductor Current versus Instantaneous Inductor Voltage 3.2.2 Change in Inductor Current Function versus Area under Voltage Function 3.2.3 Average Applied Voltage for a Given Change in Inductor Current 3.2.4 Instantaneous Change in Inductor Current 3.2.5 Inductor with Alternating Voltage Across it 3.2.6 Inductor with Exponential and Sinusoidal Voltage Input 3.2.7 Linearity of Inductor 3.2.8 Energy Storage in an Inductor 3.3 Series Connection of Inductors 3.4 Parallel Connection of Inductors 3.5 The Capacitor 3.6 Series Connection of Capacitors 3.6.1 Series Connection of Capacitors with Zero Initial Energy 3.6.2 Series Connection of Capacitors with Non-zero Initial Energy 3.7 Parallel Connection of Capacitors 3.8 Summary 3.9 Problems Chapter 4 : Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Memoryless Circuits 4.1 The Circuit Analysis Problem 4.2 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Resistors and Independent Current Sources 4.3 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Independent Voltage Sources 4.4 Source Transformation Theorem and its Use in Nodal Analysis 4.4.1 Source Transformation Theorem 4.4.2 Applying Source Transformation in Nodal Analysis of Circuits 4.5 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Current Sources 4.6 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Voltage Sources 4.7 Mesh Analysis of Circuits with Resistors and Independent Voltage Sources 4.7.1 Principle of Mesh Analysis 4.7.2 Is Mesh Current Measurable? 4.8 Mesh Analysis of Circuits with Independent Current Sources 4.9 Mesh Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Sources 4.10 Summary 4.11 Problems Chapter 5 : Circuit Theorems 5.1 Linearity of a Circuit and Superposition Theorem 5.1.1 Linearity of a Circuit 5.2 Star–Delta Transformation Theorem 5.3 Substitution Theorem 5.4 Compensation Theorem 5.5 Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem 5.6 Determination of Equivalents for Circuits with Dependent Sources 5.7 Reciprocity Theorem 5.8 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 5.9 Millman’s Theorem 5.10 Summary 5.11 Problems Chapter 6 : Power and Energy in Periodic Waveforms 6.1 Why Sinusoids? 6.2 The Sinusoidal Source Function 6.2.1 Amplitude, Period, Cyclic Frequency, Angular Frequency 6.2.2 Phase of a Sinusoidal Waveform 6.2.3 Phase Difference Between Two Sinusoids 6.2.4 Lag or Lead? 6.2.5 Phase Lag/Lead Versus Time Delay/Advance 6.3 Instantaneous Power in Periodic Waveforms 6.4 Average Power in Periodic Waveforms 6.5 Effective Value (RMS Value) of Periodic Waveforms 6.5.1 RMS Value of Sinusoidal Waveforms 6.6 The Power Superposition Principle 6.6.1 RMS Value of a Composite Waveform 6.7 Summary 6.8 Problems Chapter 7 : The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response 7.1 Transient State and Steady-State in Circuits 7.1.1 Governing Differential Equation of Circuits – Examples 7.1.2 Solution of the Circuit Differential Equation 7.1.3 Complete Response with Sinusoidal Excitation 7.2 The Complex Exponential Forcing Function 7.2.1 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response from Response to ejωt 7.2.2 Steady-State Solution to ejωt and the j ω Operator 7.3 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response Using Complex Exponential Input 7.4 The Phasor Concept 7.4.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws in Terms of Complex Amplitudes 7.4.2 Element Relations in Terms of Complex Amplitudes 7.4.3 The Phasor 7.5 Transforming a Circuit into Phasor Equivalent Circuit 7.5.1 Phasor Impedance, Phasor Admittance and Phasor Equivalent Circuit 7.6 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response from Phasor Equivalent Circuit 7.6.1 Comparison between Memoryless Circuits and Phasor Equivalent Circuits 7.6.2 Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Phasor Equivalent Circuits – Examples 7.7 Circuit Theorems in Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 7.7.1 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for Sinusoidal Steady-State Condition 7.8 Phasor Diagrams 7.9 Apparent Power, Active Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor 7.9.1 Active and Reactive Components of Current Phasor 7.9.2 Reactive Power and the Power Triangle 7.10 Complex Power Under Sinusoidal Steady-State Condition 7.11 Summary 7.12 Problems Chapter 8 : Sinusoidal Steady-State in Three-Phase Circuits 8.1 Three-Phase System Versus Single-Phase System 8.2 Three-Phase Sources and Three-Phase Power 8.2.1 The Y-connected Source 8.2.2 The Δ-connected Source 8.3 Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 8.3.1 Equivalence Between a Y-connected Source and a Δ-connected Source 8.3.2 Equivalence Between a Y-connected Load and a Δ-connected Load 8.3.3 The Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced Three-Phase Circuit 8.4 Analysis of Unbalanced Three-Phase Circuits 8.4.1 Unbalanced Y–Y Circuit 8.4.2 Circulating Current in Unbalanced Delta-connected Sources 8.5 Symmetrical Components 8.5.1 Three-Phase Circuits with Unbalanced Sources and Balanced Loads 8.5.2 The Zero Sequence Component 8.5.3 Active Power in Sequence Components 8.5.4 Three-Phase Circuits with Balanced Sources and Unbalanced Loads 8.6 Summary 8.7 Problems Chapter 9 : Dynamic Circuits with Periodic Inputs –Analysis by Fourier Series 9.1 Periodic Waveforms in Circuit Analysis 9.1.1 The Sinusoidal Steady-State Frequency Response Function 9.2 The Exponential Fourier Series 9.3 Trigonometric Fourier Series 9.4 Conditions for Existence of Fourier Series 9.5 Waveform Symmetry and Fourier Series Coefficients 9.6 Properties of Fourier Series and Some Examples 9.7 Discrete Magnitude and Phase Spectrum 9.8 Rate of Decay of Harmonic Amplitude 9.9 Analysis of Periodic Steady-State Using Fourier Series 9.10 Normalised Power in a Periodic Waveform and Parseval’s Theorem 9.11 Power and Power Factor in AC System with Distorted Waveforms 9.12 Summary 9.13 Problems Chapter 10 : First-Order RL Circuits 10.1 The Series RL Circuit 10.1.1 The Series RL Circuit Equations 10.1.2 Need for Initial Condition Specification 10.1.3 Sufficiency of Initial Condition 10.2 Series RL Circuit with Unit Step Input – Qualitative Analysis 10.2.1 From t = 0- to t = 0 + 10.2.2 Inductor Current Growth Process 10.3 Step Response of RL Circuit by Solving Differential Equation 10.3.1 Interpreting the Input Forcing Functions in Circuit Differential Equations 10.3.2 Complementary Function and Particular Integral 10.3.3 Series RL Circuit Response in DC Voltage Switching Problem 10.4 Features of RL Circuit Step Response 10.4.1 Step Response Waveforms in Series RL Circuit 10.4.2 The Time Constant ‘s ’ of a Series RL Circuit 10.4.3 Rise Time and Fall Time in First-Order Circuits 10.4.4 Effect of Non-Zero Initial Condition on DC Switching Response of RL Circuit 10.4.5 Free Response of Series RL Circuit 10.5 Steady-State Response and Forced Response 10.5.1 The DC Steady-State 10.5.2 The Sinusoidal Steady-State 10.5.3 The Periodic Steady-State 10.6 Linearity and Superposition Principle in Dynamic Circuits 10.7 Unit Impulse Response of Series RL Circuit 10.7.1 Zero-State Response for Other Inputs from Impulse Response 10.8 Series RL Circuit with Exponential Inputs 10.8.1 Zero-State Response for Real Exponential Input 10.8.2 Zero-State Response for Sinusoidal Input 10.9 General Analysis Procedure for Single Time Constant RL Circuits 10.10 Summary 10.11 Problems Chapter 11 : First-Order RC Circuits 11.1 RC Circuit Equations 11.2 Zero-Input Response of RC Circuit 11.3 Zero-State Response of RC Circuits for Various Inputs 11.3.1 Impulse Response of First-Order RC Circuits 11.3.2 Step Response of First-Order RC Circuits 11.3.3 Ramp Response of Series RC Circuit 11.3.4 Series RC Circuit with Real Exponential Input 11.3.5 Zero-State Response of Parallel RC Circuit for Sinusoidal Input 11.4 Periodic Steady-State in a Series RC Circuit 11.5 Frequency Response of First Order RC Circuits 11.5.1 The Use of Frequency Response 11.5.2 Frequency Response and Linear Distortion 11.5.3 First-Order RC Circuits as Averaging Circuits 11.5.4 Capacitor as a Signal Coupling Element 11.5.5 Parallel RC Circuit for Signal Byassing 11.6 Summary 11.7 Problems Chapter 12 : Series and Parallel RLC Circuits 12.1 The Series RLC Circuit – Zero-Input Response 12.1.1 Source-Free Response of Series RLC Circuit 12.2 The Series LC Circuit – A Special Cas e 12.3 The Series LC Circuit with Small Damping – Another Special Case 12.4 Standard Formats for Second-Order Circuit Zero-Input Response 12.5 Impulse Response of Series RLC Circuit 12.6 Step Response of Series RLC Circuit 12.7 Standard Time-Domain Specifications for Second-Order Circuits 12.8 Examples on Impulse and Step Response of Series RLC Circuits 12.9 Frequency Response of Series RLC Circuit 12.9.1 Sinusoidal Forced-Response from Differential Equation 12.9.2 Frequency Response from Phasor Equivalent Circuit 12.10 Resonance in Series RLC Circuit 12.10.1 The Voltage Across Resistor – The Band-pass Output 12.10.2 The Voltage Across Capacitor – The Low-pass Output 12.10.3 The Voltage Across Inductor – The High-Pass Output 12.10.4 Bandwidth Versus Quality Factor of Series RLC Circuit 12.10.5 Quality Factor of Inductor and Capacitor 12.10.6 LC Circuit as an Averaging Filter 12.11 The Parallel RLC Circuit 12.11.1 Zero-Input Response and Zero-State Response of Parallel RLC Circuit 12.11.2 Frequency Response of Parallel RLC Circuit 12.12 Summary 12.13 Problems Chapter 13 : Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms 13.1 Circuit Response to Complex Exponential Input 13.2 Expansion of a Signal in terms of Complex Exponential Functions 13.2.1 Interpretation of Laplace Transform 13.3 Laplace Transforms of Some Common Right-Sided Functions 13.4 The s-Domain System Function H(s) 13.5 Poles and Zeros of System Function and Excitation Function 13.6 Method of Partial Fractions for Inverting Laplace Transforms 13.7 Some Theorems on Laplace Transforms 13.7.1 Time-Shifting Theorem 13.7.2 Frequency-Shifting Theorem 13.7.3 Time-Differentiation Theorem 13.7.4 Time-Integration Theorem 13.7.5 s-Domain-Differentiation Theorem 13.7.6 s-Domain-Integration Theorem 13.7.7 Convolution Theorem 13.7.8 Initial Value Theorem 13.7.9 Final Value Theorem 13.8 Solution of Differential Equations by Using Laplace Transforms 13.9 The s-Domain Equivalent Circuit 13.9.1 s-Domain Equivalents of Circuit Elements 13.9.2 Is s-domain Equivalent Circuit Completely Equivalent to Original Circuit? 13.10 Total Response of Circuits Using s-Domain Equivalent Circuit 13.11 Network Functions and Pole-Zero Plots 13.11.1 Driving-Point Functions and Transfer Functions 13.11.2 The Three Interpretations for a Network Function H(s) 13.11.3 Poles and Zeros of H(s) and Natural Frequencies of the Circuit 13.11.4 Specifying a Network Function 13.12 Impulse Response of Network Functions from Pole-Zero Plots 13.13 Sinusoidal Steady-State Frequency Response from Pole-Zero Plots 13.13.1 Three Interpretations for H(jω) 13.13.2 Frequency Response from Pole-Zero Plot 13.14 Summary 13.15 Problems Chapter 14 : Magnetically Coupled Circuits 14.1 The Mutual Inductance Element 14.1.1 Why Should M12Be Equal to M21? 14.1.2 Dot Polarity Convention 14.1.3 Maximum Value of Mutual Inductance and Coupling Coefficient 14.2 The Two-Winding Transformer 14.3 The Perfectly Coupled Transformer and The Ideal Transformer 14.4 Ideal Transformer and Impedance Matching 14.5 Transformers in Single-Tuned and Double-Tuned Filters 14.5.1 Single-Tuned Amplifier 14.5.2 Double-Tuned Amplifier 14.6 Analysis of Coupled Coils Using Laplace Transforms 14.6.1 Input Impedance Function of a Two-Winding Transformer 14.6.2 Transfer Function of a Two-Winding Transformer 14.7 Flux Expulsion by a Shorted Coil 14.8 Breaking the Primary Current in a Transformer 14.9 Summary 14.10 Problems Index Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
