10.50
First-Order
RL
Circuits
Step 1 –
Find the time constant
The independent voltage source is replaced by a short-circuit and the independent current source is
replaced by an open circuit to get the circuit in Fig. 109-1 (b). The time constant is found by evaluating
the equivalent resistance across the inductor.
R
eq
Time constant
0.2H
2
= +
=
∴
=
=
1 2 2 2
0 1
/ /
,
. s
Ω
t
Ω
Step 2 – Find the initial value for
i
x
at
t
=
0
+
The value of voltage source at
t
=
0
+
is 2V. The value of current source at
t
=
0
+
is 0.5A. The inductor
current at
t
=
0
+
is same as at
t
=
0
-
since there is no impulse source in the circuit. Hence, inductor is
replaced by a current source of 1A for
t
=
0
+
.
The resulting circuit appears in Fig. 10.9-2 (a).
–
+ 2
Ω
2
Ω
2 V
1
Ω
0.5 A
(a)
i
x
1 A
2
Ω
2
Ω
–
+
2 V
(b)
i
x
2
Ω
2
Ω
0.5 A
(c)
i
x
2
Ω
2
Ω
1
Ω
1 A
(d)
i
x
Fig. 10.9-2
Circuits for Step
2 of Example: 10.9-1
This circuit contains three sources and may be solved by using superposition principle. The three
circuits in which the sources act one by one are shown in Fig. 10.9-2 (b)-(d). Three contributions to the
current
i
x
may be found from these single-source circuits by simple circuit analysis.
i
t
x
at
A
=
=
+
+
×
+
+
×
+
=
+
0
2
2 2
0 5 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 25
.
.
Step 3 – Find
the steady-state value of i
x
Both sources in the circuit are DC sources and hence they can be handled together for
steady-state
calculation. The inductor behaves as a short-circuit for DC steady state. Replacing the inductor by
short-circuit and using the known values of source functions we get the circuit in Fig. 10.9-3 (a).
This circuit involves two sources and can be solved by using superposition principle. The sub-
circuits needed for that is shown in Fig. 10.9-3 (b) and (c).
Steady-state value of
i
x
=
+
×
+
+
×
=
+
2
2 2 1
1
1 2
0 5 1 2 2
2
0 25 0
/ /
.
/ / / /
.
.1125 0 375
=
.
A
–
+
2
Ω
2
Ω
2 V
1
Ω
0.5 A
(a)
i
x
–
+ 2
Ω
2
Ω
1
Ω
(b)
i
x
2 V
2
Ω
2
Ω
1
Ω
0.5 A
(c)
i
x
Fig. 10.9-3
Circuits for Step 3 of Example: 10.9-1
Step 3 – Form the total solution and adjust initial condition
The transient
response is of the form A e
-
10
t
since time constant is 0.1s
i t
Ae
t
x
t
( )
.
;
=
+
≥
−
+
10
0 375
0
for
initial value of this current at 0 is 1.25A
+
−
∴ +
=
⇒ =
∴
=
+
A
.
.
A .
i (t)
.
.
e
x
0 375 1 25
0 875
0 375 0 875
10
tt
t
for
≥
+
0
General Analysis Procedure for Single Time Constant
RL
Circuits
10.51
The current waveform is shown in Fig. 10.9-4.
We have calculated the required current. We
obtained the solution in the form of transient
response
+
forced response (or steady-state
response). However, this form of solution is not
the appropriate form if we are required to answer
supplementary questions on the problem. For
example, can we work out the current if the initial
condition of inductor is changed to 2A? Or if the
voltage source value is changed to 5V? We will
have to rework the problem almost entirely to get
the answer for that. Note that it is not possible to
decompose a solution into zero-input response and
zero-state response components if the solution is available in the
transient response
+
forced response
format. However, transient response and forced response can be obtained from the solution in
zero-
input response
+
zero-state response format. This
is where the superiority of zero-input response
+
zero-state response approach becomes evident. We work out the same example to see these two
components in the solution in the next example.
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