9.4
Dynamic Circuits with Periodic Inputs – Analysis by Fourier Series
v t
a
n t
b
n t
n
n
N
n
n
N
( )
cos(
)
sin(
)
=
+
=
=
∑
∑
w
w
o
o
0
1
at all instants? Yes, provided
N is allowed to become infinite if
necessary and
v(
t) satisfies certain criteria. Almost all periodic functions appearing in Circuit Analysis
satisfy the required criteria.
We have answered the first question raised in the introductory section. We take up the second one now.
We recapitulate that the total response of a circuit contains two components – the
natural response
and
forced response components. Forced response in a circuit is the
component of total response
contributed by the input source function,
i.e., the particular integral of
the differential equation
describing the circuit. Memory elements like inductor and capacitor store energy in them. The stored
energy in them cannot be changed instantaneously unless infinite voltage/current are allowed in
the circuit. There may arise a mismatch between the value of stored energy in various components
immediately before and immediately after applying the input if forced response was the only response
component. Natural response terms arise due to the difference between energy storage in memory
elements before applying input and the energy storage predicted by the
particular integral part of
the circuit response. Natural response terms are the complementary solution terms of the circuit
differential
equation and are of e
st
type, where
s values are the natural frequencies (
i.e. roots of
characteristic equation of the circuit differential equation) of the circuit.
Though the terms,
forced response and
steady-state response,
are used interchangeably, they are
not the same. If a forcing function is applied to a circuit, there will be a forced response. But there
need not be a steady-state response always. There can be a steady-state in the circuit only if three
conditions are satisfied.
First, the circuit natural response must be damped and should approach
zero as time increases
without limit.
Second, there must exist features in the input source function waveform that can be used to define what
is meant by
steady-state at the output (
i.e., the meaning of ‘
steady-state’
is decided by input waveform. If
there is nothing about the waveform that can be used to define a meaning for ‘
steady-state’, then
there is
no meaning for ‘
steady-state’ at the output too). For example, if input is a periodic waveform with period
of
T, switched on to a linear time-invariant circuit at
t
=
0, then
steady-state output is a waveform that is
periodic with same period – such a
steady-state is called
periodic steady-state. Sinusoidal steady-state
is a special case of periodic steady-state. The difference between the two is that the output waveform
need not have the same waveshape as that of input in the case of a general periodic steady-state, whereas
the output waveform will be of same waveshape as that of input in the case of sinusoidal steady-state.
The third condition is that the input source function must remain applied to the circuit for enough
time for the circuit to reach steady-state. For example, we may switch on a periodic wave such as a 50
Hz sine wave to an RC circuit with 0.2 s time constant and switch off after 0.3 s. The circuit transient
response does not get enough time to decay down to zero and there is no question of the circuit
reaching sinusoidal steady-state.
Steady-state response, if steady-state gets established in the circuit, is the same as forced response.
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