Chapter 14: The Permanent International Criminal Court
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maintain such distinct divisions. As the court is designed to address the most serious
international offences, it is only natural that violations of such an egregious character,
committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large scale commission, will be
entertained at its docket, although the degree of violence is not itself a separate
jurisdictional requirement.
64
Article 8(2)(a) penalises grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which
as already noted, include offences of a serious nature committed against persons
and property protected under the Conventions when taking place in international
armed conflicts.
Sub-paragraph (2)(b) supplements the grave breaches provision by incorporating
other serious offences under international humanitarian law applicable in
international armed conflicts. The qualification that such offences lie within the
‘established framework of international law’ means that individuals incur liability
as long as they violate certain principles underpinning the laws of war, such as those
relating to proportionality and military necessity.
65
Of particular significance, in sub-
para (2)(b), is the inclusion of offences against UN personnel and the prohibition of
certain weapons. In order to reconcile resistance against including a separate offence
regarding attacks against the property and persons of peace-keeping missions, it
was finally agreed that such attacks would constitute war crimes within the sphere
of Art 8 where such missions ‘are entitled to the protection given to civilians or civilian
objects under the international law of armed conflict’.
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This protection is afforded
so far as the civilian or military personnel of peace-keeping missions are not engaged
in hostilities.
67
It is unclear whether the protected status of a peace-keeping mission
is dependent solely on its non-engagement in hostilities, or whether its mandate
under Art 42 of the UN Charter is also a determinant factor. For example, with the
adoption of Resolution 794 on 2 December 1992, the Security Council, acting under
Chapter VII of the UN Charter, welcomed a US offer to establish a humanitarian
assistance operation in Somalia and authorised participating States ‘to use all
necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for
humanitarian relief operations’. A UN mission, such as the one established for
Somalia, which is mandated to use force, even if classified as a humanitarian mission,
is undoubtedly subject to the
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