International Criminal Law
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monuments or buildings forfeit this status only where, and in accordance with Art
8(3) of the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of
Armed Conflict (Cultural Property Convention), they are deemed to be used or
connected to activities which are directly or indirectly linked to military operations.
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Exceptionally, Art 124 of the ICC Statute allows an opting-out procedure with
regard to war crimes covered by Art 8. A State may, thus, declare that for a period of
seven years after the Statute comes into force for the State concerned it does not
accept the jurisdiction of the court over Art 8 when a crime is alleged to have been
committed by its nationals or on its territory. This is a compromise provision intended
to accommodate French insistence on extending the stipulation of Art 124 also to
crimes against humanity. Notwithstanding the express terms of Art 124, Security
Council referrals should override such opt-outs on the basis of Art 103 of the UN
Charter.
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Despite the ICC Statute’s detailed nature, the signatories thereto, and especially
the US, felt that it would better serve the accused and international justice if the
elements of the crimes contained in Arts 6, 7 and 8 received further elaboration.
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This task was assigned to a Preparatory Commission, whose conclusions were to be
adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of the ASP. Once adopted, the
Elements of Crimes, which elaborate in great detail the elements of each in order to
ensure legal certainty, would become binding and form an integral part of the Statute,
but, in the unlikely event of a conflict with the Statute, the latter would prevail. The
primacy of the Statute is not evident from Art 21(1)(a), which does not clearly
prioritise between the two, but may be discerned from the wording of Art 9(1) which
points out that the Elements of Crimes ‘shall assist the court in the interpretation’ of
Arts 6–8. The Elements of Crimes were finally adopted by consensus during the
ASP’s first session in September 2002.
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14.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW
Part 3 of the Statute sets out the bases for both incurring and excluding individual
criminal responsibility. Unlike the ad hoc Tribunals, the ICC enjoys jurisdiction over
natural persons, even if the alleged offence is not completed, but is at least attempted.
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The Statute penalises four forms of participation in criminal acts: principal
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