170
F R E D E R I C K E T A L .
Independence of Discounting from Consumption
The DU model assumes that the discount function is invariant across all forms of
consumption. This feature is crucial to the notion of
time
preference. If people
discount utility from different sources at different rates, then the notion of a uni-
tary time preference is meaningless. Instead we would need to label time prefer-
ence according to the object being delayed—“banana time preference,” “vacation
time preference,” and so on.
Constant Discounting and Time Consistency
Any discount function can be written in the form
where
r
n
represents the per-period discount rate for period
n
—that is, the dis-
count rate applied between periods
n
and
n
1
1. Hence, by assuming that the dis-
count function takes the form
the DU model assumes a constant per-period discount rate (
r
n
5
r
for all
n
).
6
Constant discounting entails an evenhandedness in the way a person evaluates
time. It means that delaying or accelerating two dated outcomes by a common
amount should not change preferences between the outcomes—if in period
t
one
prefers
X
at
t
to
Y
at
t
1
d
for
some
t
, then in period
t
one must prefer
X
at
t
to
Y
at
t
1
d
for
all
t
. The assumption of constant discounting permits a person’s time
preference to be summarized as a single discount
rate
. If constant discounting
does not hold, then characterizing one’s time preference requires the specification
of an entire discount
function
. Constant discounting implies that a person’s in-
tertemporal preferences are
time-consistent
, which means that later preferences
“confirm” earlier preferences. Formally, a person’s preferences are time-consistent
if, for any two consumption profiles (
c
t
, . . . ,
c
T
) and (
c
9
t
, . . . ,
c
9
T
), with
c
t
5
c
t
9
,
U
t
(
c
t
,
c
t
1
1
, . . . ,
c
T
)
$
U
t
(
c
t
9
,
c
9
t
1
1
, . . . ,
c
9
T
) if and only if
U
t
1
1
(
c
t
1
1
, . . . ,
c
T
)
$
U
t
1
1
(
c
9
t
1
1
, . . . ,
c
T
9
).
7
For an interesting discussion that questions the nor-
mative validity of constant discounting see Albrecht and Weber (1995).
D k
k
( )
,
=
+
1
1
ρ
D k
n
n
k
( )
,
=
+
=
−
∏
1
1
0
1
ρ
6
An alternative but equivalent definition of constant discounting is that
D
(
k
)/
D
(
k
1
1) is indepen-
dent of
k
.
7
Constant discounting implies time-consistent preferences only under the ancillary assumption of
stationary discounting, for which the discount function
D
(
k
) is the same in all periods. As a coun-
terexample, if the period-
t
discount function is
D k
t
k
( )
=
+
1
1
ρ
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |