171
T I M E D I S C O U N T I N G
Diminishing Marginal Utility and Positive Time Preference
While not core features of the DU model, virtually all analyses of intertemporal
choice assume both diminishing marginal utility (that the instantaneous utility
function
u
(
c
t
) is concave) and positive time preference (that the discount rate
r
is
positive).
8
These two assumptions create opposing forces in intertemporal choice:
diminishing marginal utility motivates a person to spread consumption over time,
while positive time preference motivates a person to concentrate consumption in
the present.
Since people do, in fact, spread consumption over time, the assumption of dimin-
ishing marginal utility (or some other property that has the same effect) seems
strongly justified. The assumption of positive time preference, however, is more
questionable. Several researchers have argued for positive time preference on
logical grounds (Hirshleifer 1970; Koopmans 1960; Koopmans, Diamond, and
Williamson 1964; Olson and Bailey 1981). The gist of their arguments is that a zero
or negative time preference, combined with a positive real rate of return on saving,
would command the infinite deferral of all consumption.
9
But this conclusion as-
sumes, unrealistically, that individuals have infinite life spans and linear (or weakly
concave) utility functions. Nevertheless, in econometric analyses of savings and
intertemporal substitution, positive time preference is sometimes treated as an iden-
tifying restriction whose violation is interpreted as evidence of misspecification.
The most compelling argument supporting the logic of positive time preference
was made by Derek Parfit (1971, 1976, 1982), who contends that there is no en-
during self or “I” over time to which all future utility can be ascribed, and that a
diminution in psychological connections gives our descendent future selves the
status of other people—making that utility less than fully “ours” and giving us a
reason to count it less.
10
while the period-
t
1
1 discount function is
for some
r
9Þ
r
, then the person exhibits constant discounting at both dates
t
and
t
1
1, but nonethe-
less has time-inconsistent preferences.
8
Discounting is not inherent to the DU model, because the model could be applied with
r
#
0. The
inclusion of
r
in the model, however, strongly implies that it may take a value other than zero, and the
name
discount rate
certainly suggests that it is greater than zero.
9
In the context of intergenerational choice, Koopmans (1967) called this result the
paradox of the
indefinitely postponed splurge
. See also Arrow (1983); Chakravarty (1962); and Solow (1974).
10
As noted by Frederick (2002), there is much disagreement about the nature of Parfit’s claim. In
her review of the philosophical literature, Jennifer Whiting (1986, 549) identifies four different inter-
pretations: the
strong absolute claim
: that it is irrational for someone to care about their future welfare;
the
weak absolute claim
: that there is no rational requirement to care about one’s future welfare; the
strong comparative claim
: that it is irrational to care more about one’s own future welfare than about
the welfare of any other person; and the
weak comparative claim
: that one is not rationally
required to care more about his or her future welfare than about the welfare of any other person. We
believe that all of these interpretations are too strong, and that Parfit endorses only a weaker version of
the weak absolute claim. That is, he claims only that one is not rationally required to care about
D
k
t
k
+
=
+ ′
1
1
1
( )
ρ
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