Child Psychology and Psychiatry


ACQUIRING LITERACY SKILLS



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

ACQUIRING LITERACY SKILLS
In order to understand why children fail to learn
to read accurately and with understanding, it is
important to have a clear picture of typical reading
development. The Simple View of Reading pro-
poses that variations in reading development can
be understood in terms of two relatively separate
underlying skills: word recognition and language
comprehension.
Two critical foundation skills for acquiring
word
recognition
skill during the first 2 years at school
are phoneme awareness (the ability to analyse
speech sounds within words) and letter-sound
knowledge. Together these skills in pre-school
years account for almost 90% of the variance
in reading skill at age 6 years. Performance on
speeded naming tasks (naming pictures, colours,
letters or digits as rapidly as possible) is also
predictive of individual differences in reading,
especially of reading fluency.
While learning to recognize printed words
depends largely on creating ‘mappings’ between
orthography and phonology, the development
of
reading comprehension
depends on broader
oral
language
skills, such as knowledge of word-
meanings, the ability to understand sentences,
to make inferences where appropriate and to
remember what was read in order to create an
integrated and cohesive sense of the text [4].
It has been argued that the ease of acquir-
ing fluent and accurate reading depends on the
writing system in which the child is learning [5].
English orthography contains inconsistent letter-
sound mappings and permits irregular forms; it is
therefore classified as ‘opaque’. In contrast, lan-
guages such as Italian, Greek and German have
a ‘transparent’ writing system in which sound-to-
letter correspondences are regular and consistent.
Empirical studies suggest that it is harder to learn
to read in English than in transparent orthogra-
phies but findings are difficult to interpret because
of variations in cultural practices surrounding read-
ing instruction in different languages. The child
with dyslexia learning in a transparent (as opposed
to opaque) orthography would be expected to
have fewer difficulties in learning about spelling-
to-sound consistencies, but may nonetheless have
persisting difficulties with reading fluency.

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