CHAPTER FOUR
The Female Brain on Adversity: The Link to Autoimmune Disease,
Depression, and Anxiety
Kendall is fifty-two, a wife, mom, and marketing consultant with an Ivy League
degree who describes herself as having been a “small, underweight child in a
family full of beautiful people.” When her parents were dating, they were known
as the “Ken and Barbie” of their state university, where her dad played baseball.
Kendall’s dad became a patent attorney, her mom worked as a professional
model. Kendall’s older brother and younger sister were star athletes, part of the
beautiful-people club.
Appearances really were pretty much “everything,” and her family didn’t
quite know what to do with Kendall. She was told by her mother that she’d been
ill with severe colic as a baby and was always crying. “Comforting me didn’t
work, so they let me just cry it out.” Kendall was so tiny that she and her sister,
who was two years younger, were taken to be twins.
Because she was different, Kendall was teased and subjected to a kind of
under-the-radar hazing that was “sanctioned by my whole family.”
Strikingly pretty today, Kendall resembles a dark-haired Meryl Streep with
broad cheekbones; large, inviting green eyes; and brown hair that she pulls into a
ponytail. Growing up, she was often told that despite being “sickly,” she “had a
cute face.” And that one small thing, she says, “probably saved me.”
By the time Kendall was in grade school, she routinely had terrible stomach
cramps and nausea, and often felt so fatigued and weak that it was hard to go to
school. “The overarching memory of my childhood is my parents telling me to
‘stop whining and complaining.’ ” she says. In a photo album from Kendall’s
childhood, there are pictures of her with her family; her brother, sister, and
parents stand with their arms at their sides—while Kendall clutches what looks
to be her bloated stomach, covering it tightly with both hands.
By the time she was ten, Kendall was having chronic diarrhea. Her skin was
pale, anemic. That year, her mom was in the midst of planning a big family
vacation. “I told my mom that something wasn’t right, that my throat hurt, my
stomach hurt, and I was so tired all the time. But she said, ‘Stop this nonsense!
Stop trying to be the center of my attention!’ ”
It was a very long time, Kendall says, before “my mother got around to taking
me to the doctor.” When the doctor saw Kendall, he told her mother that Kendall
had strep and tonsillitis and very low blood pressure. Blood tests revealed that
she had acute anemia, which required immediate treatment.
Her family went on their planned vacation skiing in Canada and took Kendall
along. She was on antibiotics and iron pills. “My parents expected me to carry
my skis on my back, and trudge back up the mountain. In our family, if you were
sick, people acted as if you’d done something wrong. You were weak; you
needed to buck up.
“I remember walking up the mountain and feeling as if I were going to fall
facedown in the snow, just willing my legs to get me to the lift.” She recalls
finding her way back to their room, “where I just lay on top of my bed shivering
and shivering. No one came.” Finally, she says, “my mother came in our room
and yelled, ‘Don’t you even know how to take care of yourself!’ ”
After Kendall ran out of iron pills, her mother assumed her daughter must be
fine, and didn’t follow up with the doctor. That year Kendall began to show
signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sometimes, she says, “I would spin
around in circles to just calm myself down. One day, I told my mom, ‘I can’t
stop spinning, I want to stop but I
can’t
,’ and my mom stared at me, then turned
around and walked out of the room.”
One night, Kendall recalls, “right before we sat down at the dinner table, my
dad started spinning in front of my brother and sister as if to mimic me, and my
brother and sister doubled over, laughing. I had to sit there and pretend that
nothing was happening, or they would have made fun of me for getting upset.”
There was never a sense that the way she was being marginalized was wrong,
or that she needed help for her chronic stomach problems or anxiety. Instead,
“they had all decided I was crazy and it was okay to make fun of me; I was fair
game, the weak runt in the bunch.”
Once, Kendall reported to the school nurse, who called Kendall’s mother to
tell her that Kendall had a high fever and had to be picked up. She heard her
mom’s voice, through the nurse’s phone, say sharply, “Well, she better really be
sick!” When her mom came to get her, she said, “You couldn’t just manage to
get through school for two more hours, I had to come and get you in the middle
of the day?”
Her parents were victims of generations of their own dysfunctional family
dynamics. “My father’s mother committed suicide when he was a boy, and his
family never talked about it. It was not to be discussed.” Kendall says this
explains “why my father worshipped my mother, and never questioned how
unloving she was. I think he needed to worship her as a mother figure, because
he was still searching for the perfect mom, the mom who wouldn’t leave
him
. So
he always took my mom’s side rather than tarnish his ideal image that she was
such a great mother, the mother he never had.” In fact, her dad’s frequent refrain
was, “Mothers are the center of this universe, and don’t you forget it.”
“I wasn’t fitting in with their perfect picture; I was ruining it, and it made
them so mad,” Kendall says.
As Kendall became a teen, her health problems worsened. Nausea and
diarrhea became constant.
She was twelve when her sister and brother made up a nickname for her:
“Kits.” It was an acronym for “Kendall Is a Toilet Sitter,” words they would
chant because she was so often in the bathroom. Her siblings took to calling her
“Kits” all the time. Her parents never said a word. Meanwhile, “my parents had
a different nickname for me: ‘Camille.’ They’d taken the name from the Greta
Garbo movie in which the main character spends the entire film dramatically
coughing while dying of tuberculosis. If I said I was tired, my parents would
sigh and say, ‘Oh, there goes our Camille.’ Or, they might just say outright, ‘stop
faking, stop whining, stop being a drama queen, stop milking this.’ ”
Around that time, a college baseball player who her dad had been mentoring
moved in with Kendall’s family. He was from a troubled background, but was a
star player, who needed a home, her mother told them. One day, the young man
was visibly upset, and, Kendall says, “I’ll never forget watching my mom sit
down and gently and kindly calm him down and soothe him. It was painful to
watch my mom shower this boy we barely knew with the kind of love and
affection and warmth she’d never shown me. Keeping the superstar athlete
happy and healthy for the sake of the team was more important than whether her
own daughter was thriving or not.”
Despite all this, Kendall says, “I went into my twenties thinking that my
parents had been fine. They were beautiful; we’d lived a life of luxury and
travel. They took care of my college. I didn’t think about whether what I’d
experienced was normal; I assumed I’d had a great childhood and
I’d
been a
problem kid. I felt so much shame about who I was, about my secret bathroom
problems and anxiety. As soon as I entered a building or got on a plane, I’d zero
in on where the bathroom was. I wasn’t normal.
“I had internalized my mother’s vision of me; that the thing that was wrong
wasn’t a health-related problem—what was wrong was
me
. My terrible
weakness of character.”
It would be years before Kendall would wonder, “Why did my mother never
try to solve my health problems, why did she never once say, ‘Wow, what’s
going on here, how can I help my child?’ ”
When she was twenty-two, and had just graduated from university, Kendall
took a job in a social worker’s office as a receptionist. “One day I saw a girl
about twelve or thirteen years old come into the office with a mom who looked
worried and the girl was spinning and spinning. I asked someone in the office,
‘Is that something people get treated for?’ And they said, ‘Yes, that’s a sign of
obsessive-compulsive disorder.’ ”
That revelatory moment stayed with her. Kendall took a job as a corporate
event planner and by the time she was in her midtwenties, she was ushering
groups of international business travelers around the world, “going to great
lengths to hide my diarrhea and nausea, my OCD and massive panic attacks.
Underneath everything I did I was so afraid that if I was sick, no one would love
me, so I hid any aspect of myself that didn’t appear perfectly healthy and well.”
Kendall had “a primal fear of being tainted, unlovable, and imperfect.”
There was one highlight in her life, “an older woman, a former neighbor who
had actually known my parents and my family when I was growing up, who had
moved to the same city I was living in, not far from me. We would sometimes
meet for coffee.” This older woman had “done a lot of work in therapy. She had
witnessed, up close, what my life was like growing up. She knew certain details
about my family, the fact that my grandmother had killed herself, my father’s
drinking.”
One day this older woman confessed to Kendall “that when my siblings and I
were little kids, my father had had a ‘fairly serious depressive episode,’ and she
had worried about my father’s ‘scary rages.’ ” Learning that someone who knew
her family didn’t see her parents as perfect, but flawed, was “completely eye-
opening.”
Still, Kendall had been so brainwashed by her upbringing that she didn’t take
herself to the doctor even after she became an adult. She married at thirty-five,
and after the birth of her first child, she hit a new physical low. “I was dizzy and
weak. I could basically only get around for a few hours a day. The rest of the
time I had to lie down. There was very little food I could keep down. And I
worried, How am I going to take care of my baby?”
At one point, she was driving with her baby daughter in the car when she
began vomiting. She had to pull over.
Kendall was terrified. “I had been brought up to believe that there was not an
option for me to be sick. Mothers of young children often feel they are not
allowed to be sick, but my conditioning went way beyond that. I felt that I had to
get better immediately, or I didn’t deserve to exist. I needed to find a way to get
functional fast because I was otherwise disgraceful and unfit. If I was sick and
couldn’t be well, the only alternative was annihilation.”
Finally, Kendall got to the point that she was vomiting almost every day, and
she saw a doctor.
He was shocked at her condition. It didn’t take her doctor long to tell Kendall
that he suspected she had a “textbook case of celiac disease.”
Her tests came back positive for celiac, an autoimmune disease in which the
body develops autoantibodies against the gluten in food that enters the gut, and
those autoantibodies attack not just the gluten but destroy the lining of the gut
itself. She was also severely anemic.
After taking her patient history, her doctor asked her, “How is it that no one
has ever helped you?”
Kendall was also making autoantibodies against her own thyroid—she had
autoimmune thyroiditis. Her doctor diagnosed her with vasovagal syncope, a
disorder of the autonomic nervous system that can lead to fainting and seizing
and profound fatigue. Overnight, Kendall went from a lifetime of being told she
was a Camille and a “toilet sitter” to having four diagnoses: two autoimmune
diseases, vasovagal syncope, and anemia.
Her doctor put her on outpatient iron infusions at the local hospital. Then she
was diagnosed with a third autoimmune disease: Sjögren’s syndrome, a
rheumatological autoimmune condition.
At first, Kendall rationalized that celiac disease might not have been easily
diagnosed twenty-five years earlier, when she’d been very young. But, according
to her doctor, her case was unusually clear-cut; even a pediatric
gastroenterologist “back then” might well have picked up on it, if Kendall’s
parents had sought medical care for her. At the very least, if she’d been taken to
a specialist, she would have been diagnosed with an inflammatory bowel
disorder, encouraged to make dietary changes, and given regular iron
supplements.
Today, Kendall explains, “What I experienced all those years ago was gross
medical neglect by my own parents. It’s still hard to get my hands around the
fact that what was happening was wrong. It is very elusive to hold on to the fact
that this was not all somehow my fault.”
Kendall and I first corresponded after she read a piece I had written about the
relationship between childhood adversity and adult illness. When I first talked to
Kendall after receiving her emails, she told me, “The first time I read what you
wrote about the link between what happened in childhood and being ill as an
adult, I just felt stunned. I kept rereading the words. It was one of the most eye-
opening moments of my life. I knew inside,
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