The Sensitivity Gene
Brain development from birth to eighteen is shaped by experiences, but our
genetic makeup also influences the way our body and mind perceive and respond
to stress. Some people are genetically primed to be more sensitive to what’s
going on around them in their environment—including any family trauma or
hardship they encounter when very young. Others aren’t as deeply affected by
early adversity; things don’t hit them quite so hard. One of the reasons for this
difference exists deep within our genetic code.
The Sensitivity Hypothesis explains how and why some people are
predisposed to stress reactivity. Roughly 15 percent of the general population
possesses a variant of a behavioral gene called 5-HTTLPR, which regulates the
neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin influences our ability to rebound from
emotional trauma and distress. This Sensitivity Gene exists in three variants.
People with the short/short variant tend to be highly sensitive to whatever they
meet up with in their day-to-day life. When something stressful happens, they
may be less able to recover quickly, but they’re also more deeply affected by
positive influences; when they receive the right kind of nurturance, they do
better in life. A mentor who has faith in them or recognizes that they have a gift
or skill will profoundly shape them for the better. They soak in the good.
The short/long expression of the serotonin gene doesn’t seem to affect people
either way very much. However, the long/long expression of this gene is
associated with having a greater ability to bounce back from adversity and more
easily regain one’s footing after stressful events. When bad things happen, those
with the long/long variant don’t fret or feel it quite so much. What might
overwhelm other people in life is the proverbial water off the duck’s back. So,
they don’t end up carrying around such a heavy allostatic load as they go
forward in life.
But what’s most intriguing about the Sensitivity Hypothesis gene is that it
plays a far more profound role in the more vulnerable years of childhood, when
the brain is still developing, than it does in how affected we are by stress once
we become adults. People with this Sensitivity Gene variant who experience
adversity when growing up face the greatest likelihood of suffering from
depression in adulthood.
The reason is this: the Sensitivity Gene influences the developing stress
response in such a way that, when “sensitive kids” are faced with adversity, their
HPA stress axis pumps out even
more
stress hormones. They get a double dose
of inflammatory drip from early on, and for a very long time.
In one fascinating study researchers asked several groups of adolescents to
perform tasks in a lab setting while receiving ambiguous or negative feedback
from observers. One group of teens possessed the short form of the Sensitivity
Gene, and had also experienced some type of childhood adversity before the age
of six; a second group of teens had the Sensitivity Gene, but hadn’t experienced
early adversity. Both groups performed tasks such as discriminating between
two images on a computer screen that matched or didn’t match or playing
memory games. They couldn’t tell if researchers thought they were doing a good
job or not because researchers were intentionally giving them mixed feedback.
The adolescents who carried the Sensitivity Gene and had faced childhood
adversity showed more anxiety and made more mistakes while performing the
tasks. They assumed that the sometimes discouraging, nonverbal feedback they
were getting from evaluators meant they’d done something wrong. These same
kids also showed signs of cognitive and emotional difficulties that are associated
with later anxiety and depression.
Kids with the Sensitivity Gene who didn’t experience childhood adversity
didn’t show the same reactivity to ambiguous feedback or have trouble
regulating emotions. Because they hadn’t experienced Adverse Childhood
Experiences, the Sensitivity Gene hadn’t kicked in.
There are other gene variants that contribute to children’s biophysical
vulnerability to early stress. Duke researchers found that kids from high-
adversity backgrounds who also carried a common gene variant, NR3C1, which,
like 5-HTTLPR, makes some children more sensitive to their environment, were
much more likely to develop serious problems as adults. This NR3C1 gene, or
what we might call the Stress Vulnerability Gene, influences the body’s output
of cortisol during stress. Seventy-five percent of kids with the stress-reactive
variant of this gene developed psychological challenges or addictive behaviors
by age twenty-five.
However, when kids with this Stress Vulnerability Gene also received
intervention through programs that offered them support, only 18 percent
developed psychological disorders and addictions as adults. In other words, the
children with the vulnerability gene variant were highly susceptible to stress—
but they were also very remarkably responsive to adult help—it made all the
difference in their lives.
If you have the Sensitivity Gene or the Stress Vulnerability Gene and faced
your share of adverse experiences in childhood, you may find that you are
emotionally wired with a hair-trigger stress response. The trajectory of your life
may be fraught with more difficulty. For instance, you may be more likely to
feel anxiety and fear when a car veers in front of you or someone criticizes your
idea at the office or something goes bump in the night. You may have a low-
simmering, interior sense that you are not safe. You may pick up on other
people’s discomfort and anxieties and absorb their stress without even realizing
how much it is affecting you and your biology.
Georgia, raised by her cold, controlling mother and a dad with a temper,
recalls that she picked up on tension in her home “before arguments even
happened,” but her sisters were “more oblivious, and a lot tougher.” They didn’t
seem to have the emotional antennae Georgia did. As her sisters neared
adolescence, they stood up to her mother and started to “give it right back,”
Georgia says. “They weren’t afraid, sometimes they even went head to head with
my mom; they were sassy and exerted their power.”
By then, Georgia had already been dubbed by her family as “too sensitive” or
“the sensitive one.” Labeling her in this way allowed her parents to pretend the
tensions in their family were normal, that Georgia was the problem.
“I took in every negative vibe in the family. Eventually, to protect myself, I
learned to shut myself down, even if I couldn’t shut down my sensors,” Georgia
says. “By the time I was ten, I’d learned to do what I was told; I made a daily,
conscious effort to be as invisible as a human being could possibly be.”
When Georgia was thirteen, her mom went to a therapist. Her husband was
drinking heavily—and sometimes driving while drunk. Georgia says, “My
mother had had a very abusive mother herself, and she’d lost her father whom
she’d adored. She was well educated and more or less stuck at home with three
small girls. My father told her, ‘I’m not paying for therapy, no wife of mine is
going to a shrink.’ ”
Her mom took on a part-time job at a local library to pay for her therapy. She
didn’t change very much toward Georgia, but, looking back, Georgia appreciates
how hard it must have been for her mother to take those steps.
Georgia threw herself into her schoolwork. “I repressed everything except for
my intellect.” It paid off—her desire to succeed in her own right might even
have saved her life. When she was eighteen, Georgia went off to Columbia,
where she eventually got her PhD.
Today, at age forty-nine, Georgia wonders a lot “about the multigenerational
piece,” she says. “My mother’s mother was abandoned when she was a baby; my
grandmother was very damaged. She was abusive to my mother, who, in turn,
was a deeply injured person. The same was true on my father’s side—he’d had
no real parents who looked out for him. My father’s father was depressed and an
alcoholic. So was my father.” Georgia pauses. “It’s as if all those generations of
pain landed on
my
back.”
“I have a very sensitive system that picks up on what other people can’t
always sense,” she says. “Being able to sense and see what was going on beyond
the superficial helped to protect me in a way—I knew when to retreat. But I was
also a pain sponge. I absorbed my father’s pain, my mother’s pain, the pain of
their damaged marriage.”
As an adult, in addition to degenerative disc disease, depression, and
fibromyalgia, Georgia has also faced trouble in her relationships. She married in
her early twenties, hoping to rewrite her own family’s unhappy story by creating
a more loving and supportive home of her own—a safe haven.
But the marriage didn’t last. Georgia found it difficult to communicate and
voice her feelings and needs honestly, as did her husband. Over time, lack of
communication broke down their relationship. After she divorced, Georgia came
to have this “strong inner vision” that there had to be a very different way of
loving and living than what my parents had demonstrated for me. If I couldn’t
find that road, I didn’t know if life was really worth it. I knew I either had to get
on a journey toward physical and emotional healing or fold it all up and pack it
in.”
Despite everything Georgia knows about her childhood, she finds it
“daunting” to answer yes to several ACE questions but relieved to know that she
“wasn’t ‘too sensitive’ all those years,” after all.
Georgia’s descriptions of her childhood illustrate the Sensitivity Hypothesis
and the Vulnerability Hypothesis at work: some children see more, perceive
more, know more, feel more. These are the same children who may carry even
deeper psychic wounds from their adversity-laden childhood, and who may grow
up to face more pressing physical and emotional symptoms in the future. This
doesn’t mean that what happened was less traumatic than they think it was; it
means that they felt the pain of it more deeply.
Still, the Sensitivity Gene brings with it distinct neurobiological pluses. The
same plasticity of the brain that makes sensitive children highly reactive to stress
also makes them more intuitive and receptive, more easily shaped by what is
good and healthy in their environment, too: the support they’re shown, the
loving relationships they experience, the caring mentor who sees something
special in them and takes them under his or her wing. Even later efforts in
adulthood to reshape and rehabilitate their own brains may bring them greater
healing results.
When “sensitive” children experience a supportive, nurturing childhood, they
actually show the
fewest
signs of depression in later life, even compared to those
with the long/long version of the gene. They become even more likely than other
people to develop positive and beneficial psychological characteristics, and to
thrive. Even after suffering as children, their adult behaviors are still malleable,
which translates into a profound ability to change after they become adults,
despite their history. Regardless of what happened when you were young,
regardless of your sensitivity, if you set out to rehabilitate your brain and
downshift your stress reactivity, you have a very good chance of doing so.
Georgia is sensitive; her intuitive makeup made her childhood more painful;
but that same inner, creative sensitivity is what gave Georgia her “strong inner
vision” that life
could
be different. And that inner vision would later propel
Georgia on a transformative healing journey as an adult.
The Sensitivity Gene can make you more adept at learning how to deal with
life’s inevitable suffering, and help you to learn to turn the fallout of childhood
adversity into grist for remarkable self-growth.
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